Art of War by Master Tzu
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Questions and Answers

According to Master Sun, what should a general do if their opponent's forces are united?

  • Try to negotiate a peace treaty
  • Retreat and regroup
  • Attack them head-on
  • Use influence to separate their forces (correct)

    • What does Master Sun mean by the quote 'attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected'?

  • Attack your opponent only when they are vulnerable
  • Appear to your opponent as a ghost-like figure
  • Surprise your opponent by appearing in unexpected locations (correct)
  • Attack your opponent when they are physically weak

    • According to Master Sun, why should military devices that lead to victory not be divulged beforehand?

  • To maintain the element of surprise
  • To prevent the enemy from knowing your strategies
  • To avoid giving the opponent a chance to prepare
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What does Master Sun mean by the quote 'The general who wins a battle makes many calculations in the temple where the battle is fought'?

    <p>The general should carefully plan and strategize during the battle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men?

    <p>The cost of a thousand ounces of silver per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Imperial China, what was the means to upward mobility?

    <p>Passing the Confucian exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did acquiring status and salary require during Imperial China?

    <p>Reiterating ideas in the 'eight legged essay'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Chinese civilization pass through according to the text?

    <p>A period of disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To understand Chinese culture and thought, what must one do according to the text?

    <p>Study the ancient text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Confucianism and Taoism according to the text?

    <p>Religions in the Western sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is all warfare based on?

    <p>Deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pretending to be weak, according to Master Sun?

    <p>To lower the opponent's guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of feigning disorder, according to Master Sun?

    <p>To confuse the enemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what should be done if the opponent is in superior strength?

    <p>Evade the opponent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of holding out baits, according to Master Sun?

    <p>To lure and destroy the enemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy can be used to produce victory in chariot fighting?

    <p>Rewarding the soldiers who take the first ten chariots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength?

    <p>To gain control of the enemy's resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the quote suggest about the attitude of an army in battle?

    <p>They should be passionate and ready to destroy the enemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the captured soldiers according to the quote?

    <p>They should be kindly treated and kept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the enemy's flags in chariot fighting?

    <p>They should be substituted with our own flags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the consequence of a protracted campaign?

    <p>The resources of the state will be equal to the strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Master Sun mean by saying 'other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity'?

    <p>Other leaders will seize the opportunity to attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the disadvantage of long delays in war?

    <p>Loss of cleverness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a country not benefiting from prolonged warfare?

    <p>United States in the war on Iran, Iraq, and Taliban</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, why is it important for a general to forage on the enemy?

    <p>To deplete the enemy's resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what are the linchpins of his philosophy?

    <p>Yi (ethics) and Li (religious rituals)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe about people's behavior?

    <p>Everyone on the social ladder must behave properly and dutifully to those above them and below them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what does "rectification of names" mean?

    <p>That people’s behavior should correspond to the social titles that they possess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what is the purpose of religion?

    <p>To bring oneself into harmony with the spiritual and natural world and cultivate virtue (de)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the consequence of not understanding the five constant factors of war?

    <p>One will fall into great trouble and lose the war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what are the linchpins of his philosophy?

    <p>Yi (ethics) and Li (religious rituals)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about people's behavior in society?

    <p>People's behavior should correspond to their social titles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of religion according to Confucius?

    <p>To bring oneself into harmony with the spiritual and natural world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constant factors that govern the art of war according to Sun Tzu?

    <p>The Moral Law, Heaven, Earth, The commander, and Method and discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What questions should a general's deliberations be based on in war according to Sun Tzu?

    <p>Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral Law, Which of the two generals has the most ability, With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth, On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced, and Which army is stronger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the purpose of deception in warfare?

    <p>To trick the enemy into making mistakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of holding out baits in warfare, according to Master Sun?

    <p>To lure the enemy into a trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what should a general do if their opponent is in superior strength?

    <p>Retreat and avoid confrontation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle behind all warfare, according to Master Sun?

    <p>Deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what should a general do if their counsel is not heeded by their subordinates?

    <p>Dismiss the subordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the main advantage of foraging on the enemy during war?

    <p>To conserve your own resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of replacing the enemy's flag with your own, according to Master Sun?

    <p>To gain the loyalty of enemy soldiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the highest form of excellence in war?

    <p>To break the enemy's resistance without fighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of taking the enemy's country whole and intact, according to Master Sun?

    <p>To avoid wasting resources on building a new country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the worst policy in war?

    <p>To besiege walled cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the consequence of a protracted campaign?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the best approach in warfare?

    <p>To engage in actual fighting as soon as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the consequence of not understanding the evils of war?

    <p>Other chieftains will take advantage of the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the skillful soldier's approach to warfare?

    <p>To forage on the enemy and minimize reliance on supply-wagons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what is the consequence of a campaign taking long for victory?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective strategy for weakening an enemy, according to the text?

    <p>Influence the people around the enemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun Tzu, what is the consequence of a general with a temper launching an attack on walled cities?

    <p>The general's army will suffer heavy casualties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Master Sun Tzu mean by the quote 'The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to assault like swarming ants'?

    <p>The general will send his forces to attack in a disorganized manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a protracted campaign, according to Master Sun Tzu?

    <p>The general's forces will become exhausted and weakened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength, according to the text?

    <p>To gain additional resources and manpower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, what should be done if the opponent is in superior strength?

    <p>Seek to evade the opponent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pretending to be weak, according to Master Sun?

    <p>To deceive the enemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Master Sun mean by saying 'attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected'?

    <p>Attack the opponent when they are weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Master Sun, why should military devices that lead to victory not be divulged beforehand?

    <p>To maintain an element of surprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Master Sun mean by the quote 'In the operations of war, where there are in the field in a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent of chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.'?

    <p>The expenses involved in maintaining a large army</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sun Tzu, what are the constant factors that govern the art of war?

    <ol> <li>The Moral Law; 2. Heaven; 3. Earth; 4. The commander; 5. Method and discipline</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Moral Law cause, according to Sun Tzu?

    <p>The moral law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Heaven signify, according to Sun Tzu?

    <p>Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, time and seasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of Earth, according to Sun Tzu?

    <p>Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the Commander, according to Sun Tzu?

    <p>The commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Warfare Strategies

    • Facing a united opponent: A general should divide their enemy's forces to weaken them.
    • "Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected": This means to strike when your opponent is not ready and to surprise them with unexpected movements.
    • Keeping military plans secret: Secretive military devices leading to victory should not be revealed beforehand because they could be countered by the enemy.
    • "The general who wins a battle makes many calculations in the temple where the battle is fought": This implies a general should carefully plan and strategize before engaging in battle.
    • Cost of an army: Raising an army of 100,000 men costs a thousand ounces of silver per day.

    Imperial China

    • Upward mobility: During Imperial China, the only means to upward mobility was through civil service examinations.
    • Status and salary: Acquiring status and a salary required a high-ranking position within the bureaucracy.
    • Civilization's journey: Chinese civilization has passed through cycles of unity and division.
    • Understanding Chinese culture: To understand Chinese culture and thought, one must study Confucianism and Taoism's influence.
    • Confucianism and Taoism: Confucianism emphasized moral principles and social order, while Taoism focused on harmony with nature and the universe.

    Warfare Principles

    • Foundation of warfare: All warfare is based on deception.
    • Pretending to be weak: This strategy can lure the opponent into a false sense of security.
    • Feigning disorder: This is a tactic to create confusion and disarray among the enemy.
    • Facing a superior force: When facing an opponent with greater strength, one should try to avoid a direct confrontation.
    • Holding out baits: This tactic is used to lure the enemy into a trap or weaken their position.
    • Chariot fighting victory: Chariot fighting can be won by using light chariots to harass and confuse enemy formations.
    • Augmenting your own strength: Using the conquered foe to bolster your own forces can strengthen your position and weaken your opponents.
    • Attitude in battle: An army should be fierce and aggressive in battle.
    • Treatment of captured soldiers: Captured soldiers should be treated humanely to minimize resistance and encourage surrender.
    • Enemy's flags: Enemy flags in chariot fighting should be captured and replaced with your own to create confusion in enemy ranks.

    Prolonged Warfare

    • The consequence of a protracted campaign: A prolonged campaign drains resources and weakens morale.
    • "Other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity": Warring for too long can create opportunities for rival forces to exploit your vulnerability.
    • Disadvantage of long delays: Long delays in war weaken a nation's resources, morale, and resolve.
    • Example of a country not benefiting from prolonged warfare: Countries that experience prolonged wars can suffer economic and social collapse.
    • Foraging on the enemy: It is important for a general to forage on the enemy because it disrupts their resources and weakens their fighting capacity.

    Confucian Philosophy

    • Linchpins of Confucius' philosophy: The five constant factors (仁, 義, 禮, 智, 信) are the linchpins of Confucius' philosophy.
    • Confucius on behavior: Confucius believed people's behavior is innately good and can be improved through education and moral guidance.
    • "Rectification of names": This means using language and social structures to promote order and virtue.
    • Purpose of religion: Confucius saw religion as a tool for promoting good behavior and social harmony.

    Sun Tzu's Art of War

    • Factors governing warfare: Sun Tzu defined the five constant factors of war: moral law, Heaven, Earth, Commander, and method.
    • A general's deliberations: A general's deliberations in war should be based on the five constant factors.
    • Purpose of deception: Deception in warfare aims to mislead the enemy and create opportunities for attack.
    • Holding out baits: Holding out baits is a strategy to lure the enemy into a trap or weaken their position.
    • Facing a superior force: When facing an opponent with greater strength, one should try to avoid direct confrontation.
    • Main principle of warfare: The main principle behind all warfare is deception.
    • Counsel unheeded: If counsel is not heeded by subordinates, a general should seek to influence them through personal example and demonstrating competence.
    • Foraging on the enemy: Foraging on the enemy disrupts their supplies and reduces their fighting capacity.
    • Replacing the enemy's flag: Replacing the enemy's flag with your own creates confusion and demoralizes their troops.
    • Highest form of excellence in war: The highest form of excellence in war is to conquer without fighting.
    • Conquering the enemy whole: Taking the enemy's country whole and intact is the most advantageous outcome.
    • Worst policy in war: The worst policy in war is to attack cities.
    • Consequence of a protracted campaign: A prolonged campaign can lead to resource depletion and loss of morale.
    • Best approach in warfare: The best approach in warfare is to be cautious and strategic, minimizing unnecessary conflict.
    • Evils of war: Not understanding the evils of war can lead to disastrous outcomes.
    • Skillful soldier's approach to warfare: A skillful soldier avoids unnecessary conflict and seeks to win decisively.
    • Campaign taking long to win: A campaign that takes a long time to achieve victory is detrimental to morale and resources.
    • Weakening the enemy: The most effective strategy for weakening an enemy is to disrupt their resources and morale.
    • General with a temper: A general with a temper launching attacks on walled cities is likely to fail.
    • "The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to assault like swarming ants": Such actions lead to poorly planned attacks that result in heavy casualties.
    • Consequences of prolonged campaign: A protracted campaign can lead to the depletion of resources and lower morale.
    • Augmenting one's own strength: Using the conquered foe to bolster one's own forces can weaken the opposition and strengthen your position.
    • Facing a superior force: When facing an opponent with greater strength, it is best to avoid direct confrontation.
    • Pretending to be weak: This strategy can lure the enemy into a false sense of security.
    • "Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected": Striking when the enemy is not ready and surprising them with unexpected movements leads to victory.
    • Keeping military secrets: Military devices leading to victory should not be divulged beforehand because they could be easily countered.
    • The cost of raising an army: Raising an army of 100,000 men costs a thousand ounces of silver per day.

    Sun Tzu's Five Constant Factors of War

    • Moral Law: This refers to the unity of purpose and the conviction of the people. It causes cohesion and unwavering support for the cause.
    • Heaven: This encompasses the elements of weather, season, and time of day. It signifies the general's ability to adapt to changing circumstances.
    • Earth: Earth represents the terrain and its characteristics. It emphasizes the careful selection of strategic locations and exploiting the advantages of terrain.
    • Commander: The Commander signifies the general's leadership qualities and strategy. An able commander can maximize their advantages while minimizing their disadvantages.
    • Method: This is the actual planning and execution of military operations. It demonstrates the general's tactical skills and understanding of warfare.

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