EARTHQUAKE EXAMS

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Questions and Answers

What is an earthquake?

  • A type of storm that happens in the ocean
  • A sudden shaking of the ground due to movement of tectonic plates (correct)
  • A strong wind that damages buildings
  • A strong wind that damages buildings

What was the main reason the Continental Drift Theory was initially rejected?

  • The theory was not published in scientific journals.
  • It lacked fossil and geological evidence to support the movement of continents.
  • Scientists at the time believed the continents were too heavy to move.
  • Alfred Wegener could not explain the mechanism that moved the continents. (correct)

Which professionals are involved in earthquake engineering?

  • Seismologists and engineers
  • Architects and urban planners
  • Social scientists and information technologists
  • All of the above (correct)

Which type of seismic wave travels faster?

<p>P-waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which seismic wave type can travel through solids and liquids?

<p>P-waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lithosphere composed of?

<p>The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about tectonic plates?

<p>Tectonic plates are rigid sections of the lithosphere that float on the asthenosphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A method for extracting oil and natural gas from rock formations like shale

<p>Fracking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A German climatologist who proposed continental drifting.

<p>Alfred Wegener (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological processes are responsible for earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain formation?

<p>Tectonic activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What or where do plates meet?

<p>Boundaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

.It occurs when two plates move toward each other

<p>Convergent Boundaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The point under the surface where the rupture is said to have originated.

<p>Focus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relative decrease in number of earthquakes or energy in any area of a seismic active region.

<p>Seismic quiescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a man-made type of earthquake?

<p>Nuclear activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nuclear activity in the tectonic forces, what type of boundary happened on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?

<p>Transformed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formed where two tectonic plates pass laterally by one another.

<p>Transformed boundaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the movement of a dip-slip fault?

<p>Vertical movement along the fault plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events is not an example of a meteor fall earthquake?

<p>Nazreid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a rift or ridge caused by a divergent boundary?

<p>East African Rift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol use to represent Body wave magnitude?

<p>Mb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A seismic scale developed by Beno Gutenberg in 1945.

<p>Body wave magnitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is also effective in global scale detection since it is a deep focus tool that is effective at _______ or greater that is very helpful in global earthquake monitoring.

<p>1000km (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of PHIVOLCS in earthquake monitoring?

<p>Providing accurate and timely information on earthquakes and tsunamis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the seismic network in the Philippines improved over the years?

<p>The number of seismic stations increased and incorporated advanced technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a seismometer?

<p>To detect and record ground motion caused by seismic waves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the intensity of an earthquake?

<p>A subjective evaluation based on damage, ground effects, and human perception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of surface wave measured by long period seismograph beyond 600 km?

<p>20 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Richter scale measure?

<p>The magnitude (size) of an earthquake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the number of oscillations or cycles of a seismic wave that occur per second?

<p>Frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of traditional seismographs?

<p>They are too sensitive for strong earthquakes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the seismic moment (Mâ‚€) of an earthquake represent?

<p>The total area of the fault that slipped during the earthquake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Designed to measure directly the variation of ground acceleration with time.

<p>Accelerograph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It shows the distribution of the earthquake's effects on people, buildings, and the earth's surface across a particular area. It represents how strong the ground shook at different locations, based on human observations, structural damages, and other indicators.

<p>Intensity Map (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the relationship between intensity and magnitude remain vaguely defined?

<p>Due to the earthquake intensity being affected by multiple factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary types of seismic waves recorded in a seismogram?

<p>Primary waves (P-waves) and Secondary waves (S-waves) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of digital seismograms over classic seismograms?

<p>Digital seismograms can be stored, shared, and analyzed easily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an earthquake has a magnitude of 6.0 on the Richter scale, how does the amplitude of the seismic waves compare to an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0?

<p>The amplitude is 100 times greater. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the observed average magnitude range of large earthquakes?

<p>8.0-8.9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are both qualitative (non-instrumental) and quantitative (instrumental) measurements important in understanding earthquakes?

<p>To provide a comprehensive understanding of both historical and modern earthquakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the solutions on the challenge of engineers on building foundations on unstable soils?

<p>Soil stabilization techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of surface rupture caused by earthquakes?

<p>Formation of deep cracks and gaps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ground movement often leads to building tilting and subsidence?

<p>Differential ground settlements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of column is most commonly used in residential and commercial buildings?

<p>Reinforced Concrete (RC) column (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using steel columns in construction?

<p>High strength-to-weight ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a composite column?

<p>A steel tube filled with concrete (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common damage pattern in walls if boundary elements are not properly designed and detailed?

<p>Circular cracks around reinforcement bars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of cracks at construction joints in walls?

<p>Poor detailing of the construction joint and insufficient vertical web reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does flexural damage in walls rarely occur?

<p>Older multi-storey buildings are typically under-designed in flexure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural deficiency can cause a soft-story collapse?

<p>Inadequate storey shear strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with slender steel sections in metal buildings?

<p>They are more prone to buckling and lack lateral support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do failures in non-load-bearing walls generally not compromise the overall structural integrity of a masonry building?

<p>They are non-structural components and do not support significant loads (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major cause of beam-to-column joint failure during earthquakes?

<p>Excessive slab reinforcement increasing negative moment capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes torsional effects on buildings during an earthquake, leading to increased shear on exterior columns of the frame?

<p>Eccentricity between the center of mass (CM) and center of rigidity (CR), causing rotation of floors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

These are services that are crucial to the functioning of regions and the health and safety of communities.

<p>Lifelines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

. Liquefaction occurs when soil loses strength due to excessive pore water pressure during an earthquake. What is a common consequence of this phenomenon?

<p>Buildings and structures tilting or sinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary cause of earthquake-induced landslides?

<p>Loss of soil shear strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor causes tsunami waves to increase in height as they approach land?

<p>Decrease in water depth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of flexural cracking in the beam span during an earthquake?

<p>Preexisting cracks due to gravity loads that widen under vertical seismic forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of beam cracking is most likely to be caused by inadequate shear reinforcement?

<p>Shear cracking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Capital of France (example flashcard)

Paris

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