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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the average young adult male's body weight is water?

50%

60% (correct)

80%

70%

Which of the following is primarily used as a storage form of fuel in the human body?

Nucleic acids

Lipids (correct)

Carbohydrates

Proteins

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Transports materials and defends against disease

Regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance

Ingests and digests food, absorbs nutrients into the blood (correct)

Exchanges gases between blood and the external environment

Which system in the body is primarily responsible for excreting metabolic wastes?

Urinary system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbohydrates in the human body?

Fuel storage in lesser amounts compared to lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of physiology?

The structures and functions of both living organisms and their components Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level of structural organization in the body?

Symbiotic Signup and view all the answers

What do tissues consist of?

Similar cells with related features and functions Signup and view all the answers

What are cells considered in the context of living organisms?

The basic structural and functional units of life Signup and view all the answers

What role does muscle tissue play in the body?

It is specialized for contraction and generation of tension. Signup and view all the answers

How are organs defined in terms of structural organization?

As different types of tissues working together Signup and view all the answers

At which level of structural organization do molecules contribute to cellular function?

Chemical level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combines to form organ systems?

Organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscles?

Movement of the skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is not under voluntary control?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What are intercalated discs primarily found in?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction and transmission of electrical impulses?

Nervous tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Lines hollow organs and covers body surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of connective tissue?

Supporting and connecting different tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which life process involves the ability to sense changes in the environment?

Excitability Signup and view all the answers

Which organs secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Endocrine glands such as pituitary and thyroid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Human Physiology

Physiology is the study of how living organisms work.
It encompasses both gross and microscopic structures.
Structure and function are intertwined at all levels, from the cellular to the molecular to the organism.

Levels of Structural Organization

Cells are the fundamental units of life.
Humans have multiple levels of structural organization, each building upon the previous one.
These levels include:
- Chemical Level: Made up of essential chemicals like atoms and molecules.
- Cellular Level: Cells are the basic building blocks composed of various molecules.
- Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform specific functions.
- Organ Level: Organs are composed of different tissues that work together for specialized functions.
- Organ System Level: Organ systems are groups of organs working in coordination.
- Organism Level: The complete, living individual.

Types of Tissues

Muscle Tissue:
- Specialized for contraction and generating tension.
- Three types:
  - Skeletal muscle: Voluntary muscle responsible for movement.
  - Cardiac muscle: Involuntary muscle responsible for heart contraction and blood circulation.
  - Smooth muscle: Involuntary muscle found in soft organs, responsible for movement within these organs.
Nervous Tissue:
- Specialized for conduction and transmission of electrical impulses.
- Composed of neurons (nerve cells).
- Neurons have a cell body, a nucleus, and specialized processes called axons and dendrites.
Epithelial Tissue:
- Forms coverings, linings, and glands.
- Provides barrier between the body and the environment.
- Modified epithelial cells can act as sensory receptors.
- Forms both endocrine (hormone-producing) and exocrine (duct-secreting) glands.
Connective Tissue:
- Provides support, connection, and transport.
- Characterized by more extracellular material (matrix) than cells.
- Contains fibers, including collagen and elastic fibers.

Life Processes

Humans exhibit various life processes, including:
- Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).
- Excitability: The ability to respond to stimuli.
- Conductivity: The ability to transmit the effects of stimuli from one part of the cell to another.
- Contractility: The ability to shorten or contract in response to stimuli.
- Growth: An increase in size or mass.
- Differentiation: The process of cells becoming specialized for specific functions.
- Reproduction: The ability to produce offspring.

Composition of the Human Body

Approximately 60% of the body weight of a young adult male is water, with the remaining portion consisting of minerals, fat, and proteins.
Major Organic Compounds:
- Lipids: Important for energy storage, insulation, and membrane structure.
- Carbohydrates: A less significant form of fuel storage.
- Proteins: Essential structural components, enzymes, and muscle tissues.

Elements in the Human Body

The human body is composed of numerous essential elements, including:
- Oxygen (O): The most abundant element, involved in respiration and many metabolic processes.
- Carbon (C): Essential for all organic molecules.
- Hydrogen (H): Involved in water and many organic molecules.
- Nitrogen (N): Component of proteins and nucleic acids.
- Calcium (Ca): Essential for bones, teeth, muscle contraction, and nerve function.
- Phosphorus (P): Found in bones, teeth, and nucleic acids.
- Potassium (K): Important for nerve and muscle function.
- Sodium (Na): Important for fluid balance and nerve function.
- Chlorine (Cl): Essential for fluid balance and digestion.
- Magnesium (Mg): Essential for enzyme function and muscle contraction.
- Sulfur (S): Component of some amino acids and proteins.
- Iron (Fe): Component of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood.

Components of Body Systems

Circulatory System:
- Components: Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Functions: Transports materials, defends against disease.
Digestive System:
- Components: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
- Functions: Ingests and digests food, absorbs nutrients into the blood.
Respiratory System:
- Components: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- Functions: Exchanges gases between the blood and the external environment.
Urinary System:
- Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Functions: Excretes metabolic waste, regulates fluid balance, and maintains acid-base balance.