28 Questions
What is the wavelength range of X-rays?
10 Å to 0.01 Å
How do X-rays travel through space?
In a wave motion
What is the speed of X-rays?
1,86,000 miles per second
Do X-rays require a medium for propagation?
No, they do not require a medium for propagation
What is the process of converting atoms into ions by X-rays called?
Ionization
Which property of X-rays is used in diagnostic radiology?
Ionization
What is the basis for X-ray measurement and the definition of the unit of X-ray quantity?
Ionization
What is the end product of the chemical reactions induced by radiations?
Heat
What is the state produced in biological materials when X-rays are incident on an atom?
Excitation
What type of effect ranges from a simple sunburn to severe dermatitis, to changes in the blood supply and/or malignancy?
Somatic effect
What is the effect of radiation induced mutation of genes and chromosomes known as?
Genetic effect
What is the process in which X-rays induce color changes of several substances or their solutions?
Chemical change
What brings about molecular changes in biological molecules when exposed to radiation?
Chemical changes
What is the property of X-rays used in the treatment of malignant lesions?
Excitation
What does the photographic paper or film appear as when exposed to X-ray radiation and then developed?
Blackened
What is the degree of blackening of the film or paper called?
Film density
What type of spectra are produced by the collision of electrons with tungsten atoms?
Continuous and characteristic
What determines the energy carried by an X-ray beam?
Factors such as kilo voltage, milli amperage, and target material
Which mechanism of interaction involves deflection without energy loss and is used for investigating molecular structure through X-ray diffraction?
Coherent scattering
What occurs when an incident photon collides with a bound electron, leading to emission of characteristic radiation and atom ionization?
The photoelectric effect
In which type of scattering does the angle through which the photon is scattered depend on the energy lost by the photon?
Compton scattering
What happens in case of head-on collision in Compton scattering?
The photon is turned back along its track and maximum energy is transferred to the recoil electron
What process causes biological damage due to further ionizing interactions within tissues?
Recoil electrons in Compton scattering
What percentage of photons absorbed from a dental X-ray beam are absorbed by the photoelectric process?
About 30%
What affects the intensity of X-rays passing through matter, with three mechanisms of interaction: coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, and Compton scattering?
Attenuation, absorption, and scatter
What is the name for the interaction of photons with free or loosely bound electrons, resulting in scattered photons with reduced energy and increased wavelength?
Compton scattering
What law do X-rays obey in free space, where intensity varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source?
Inverse square law
What depends on the energy carried by the X-ray beam, determined by factors such as kilo voltage, milli amperage, and target material?
The quality and penetration of X-rays
Study Notes
X-ray Production and Interaction with Matter
- X-rays obey the inverse square law in free space, where intensity varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source.
- X-rays are produced by the collision of electrons with tungsten atoms, resulting in two types of spectra: continuous and characteristic.
- The quality and penetration of X-rays depend on the energy carried by the X-ray beam, determined by factors such as kilo voltage, milli amperage, and target material.
- Attenuation, absorption, and scatter affect the intensity of X-rays passing through matter, with three mechanisms of interaction: coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, and Compton scattering.
- Coherent scattering involves deflection without energy loss and is used for investigating molecular structure through X-ray diffraction.
- The photoelectric effect occurs when an incident photon collides with a bound electron, leading to emission of characteristic radiation and atom ionization.
- Compton scattering involves interaction of photons with free or loosely bound electrons, resulting in scattered photons with reduced energy and increased wavelength.
- The angle through which the photon is scattered in Compton scattering depends on the energy lost by the photon.
- In case of head-on collision in Compton scattering, the photon is turned back along its track and maximum energy is transferred to the recoil electron.
- Recoil electrons in Compton scattering undergo further ionizing interactions within tissues, causing biological damage.
- About 30% of photons absorbed from a dental X-ray beam are absorbed by the photoelectric process.
- The intensity of X-rays passing through matter is reduced due to attenuation, absorption, and scattering processes.
Test your knowledge of X-ray production and interaction with matter with this quiz. Explore topics such as X-ray spectra, beam energy factors, attenuation mechanisms, and photon interactions. Sharpen your understanding of coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, and Compton scattering, and their implications in various applications, including X-ray diffraction and biological damage.
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