X-ray Production and Characteristics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the adhesive layer in photographic film?

  • To enhance image brightness
  • To adhere the base to the emulsion (correct)
  • To reduce development time
  • To provide radiation sensitivity

    • The emulsion layer is only coated on one side of the base in photographic film.

    False

    What is the exposure needed to achieve an optical density of 1.0 above base plus fog density on a 600-speed image receptor?

    1.67 mR

    The emulsion layer is sensitive to both ________ and ________.

    <p>radiation, light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of photographic film with their functions:

    <p>Adhesive Layer = Provides maximum contact between base and emulsion Emulsion = Radiation and light sensitive layer Base = Supports the film structure Exposure = Amount of light or radiation reaching the film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickest part of the films mentioned in the content?

    <p>1 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two boxes of potassium bromide will emit 10 µR due to decay.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is a box of potassium bromide made of?

    <p>high grade cardboard, plastic or polyester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical fog results from contamination of the developer solution with ___% of fixer.

    <p>0.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the protective features with their descriptions:

    <p>Resilient = Does not suffer radiation damage Moisture resistant = Flexible but not elastic Chemically inert = Must not contain impurities Chemical splash guard = Protect from chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with x-ray production?

    <p>Observation of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-ray photons can be focused by lenses like in photography.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Potter-Bucky diaphragm?

    <p>To reduce scatter radiation in x-ray imaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When x-ray photons strike certain substances, they produce __________.

    <p>visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of x-ray photons with their descriptions:

    <p>Cannot be focused by lens = They behave differently from visible light. Travel in straight lines = They diverge from the point of origin. Cannot be deflected by mirrors = They maintain their path unlike visible light. When interacting with matter = They can cause luminescence in certain materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step comes first in the sequence of events when making an exposure?

    <p>Activation of the rotor switch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary and scatter radiation are produced when x-ray photons interact with matter.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the radiographic film?

    <p>To record the image based on the pattern of transmitted x-rays and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a wide exposure latitude indicate?

    <p>Many factors can be applied to produce acceptable OD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high contrast emulsion provides poor quality images.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the supercoat in x-ray film?

    <p>To protect the sensitive emulsion layer underneath it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adhesive layer in x-ray film is typically between _____ μm.

    <p>3 – 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following innovations with their respective dates:

    <p>Photographic glass plates = 1895 Cellulose nitrate film base = 1914 Duplitized films = 1918 Tinted film base = 1933</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is primarily used for the base of x-ray film?

    <p>Polyester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'film speed' refers to the thickness of the film layer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inherent ability of emulsions to record minute differences in densities called?

    <p>Film contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher film speed means higher _____ and lower exposure needed.

    <p>sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a low contrast emulsion perform?

    <p>It provides poor quality images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the protective coating on an intensifying screen?

    <p>To physically protect the phosphor layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the thickness of the phosphor layer decreases the screen speed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical thickness range of the phosphor layer in an intensifying screen?

    <p>150–300 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ layer in an intensifying screen helps with the emission of visible light when stimulated by x-rays.

    <p>phosphor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phosphor materials with their properties:

    <p>Calcium Tungstate = Higher screen speed, lower detail Lead Barium Sulfate = High detail, lower speed Barium Fluorochloride = Balanced speed and detail Zinc Sulfide = Lower dose, higher mottle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects the screen speed?

    <p>Type of phosphor used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A thicker phosphor layer generates more quantum mottle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickness of the protective coating on intensifying screens?

    <p>10–20 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher screen speed results in higher _____ emission and higher density.

    <p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phosphor material was introduced by Thomas A.?

    <p>Calcium Tungstate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    X-ray Production

    • X-ray production involves a sequence of events:
      • Activation of the rotor switch
      • Anode rotation
      • Filament heating and thermionic emission
      • Space charge formation
      • Activation of the exposure switch

    X-ray Beam Characteristics

    • X-rays cannot be focused by lenses, deflected by mirrors or other devices
    • X-rays travel in straight lines and diverge from their origin
    • X-ray photons cause luminescence (visible light emission) when interacting with certain substances
    • X-rays cause changes in the sensitive emulsion of radiographic film
    • Secondary and scatter radiation are produced when x-rays interact with matter

    Image Receptor: Radiographic Film

    • The image receptor records the image based on transmitted x-rays and light produced by intensifying screens.
    • Radiographic film has multiple layers:
      • Base: Provides support for the emulsion
      • Adhesive layer: Adheres the base to the emulsion and allows for good contact between the two
      • Emulsion: Contains silver halide crystals (silver bromide, silver iodide) embedded in gelatin – this layer is sensitive to x-rays and light
      • Supercoat: Protective layer that shields the emulsion from damage

    Radiographic Film Characteristics

    • Film Speed:
      • Represents the sensitivity of the film to radiation or light.
      • Higher speed = greater sensitivity = less exposure needed for a specific density.
      • Two primary factors influencing film speed:
        • Size and type of silver halide crystals in the emulsion
        • Thickness of the emulsion
    • Film Contrast:
      • The ability of the film to record subtle density variations.
      • High contrast films are generally better for displaying detail in structures with large density differences.
      • Low contrast films display more shades of gray and are better suited for structures with small density differences.

    X-ray Film History

    • Key developments in radiographic film history:
      • 1895: Photographic glass plates first used.
      • 1914: Cellulose nitrate film base (highly flammable) introduced.
      • 1918: Duplitized films, reducing required exposure by half.
      • 1933: Tinted film base introduced.
      • 1936: Direct exposure film developed.
      • 1940: Films suitable for both direct and indirect exposure became available.

    Intensifying Screen

    • Intensifying screens are paired with radiographic film to amplify the effect of x-rays and reduce patient dose.
    • They contain a phosphor layer that emits visible light when struck by x-rays, which then exposes the film.
    • Layers of intensifying screens:
      • Base: thickest layer, supports the phosphor layer, provides structural integrity (cardboard, plastic, polyester)
      • Protective Coating: shields the phosphor layer from damage
      • Reflective layer: enhances light reflection for greater efficiency
      • Phosphor layer: contains the phosphors, emits visible light during x-ray exposure
      • Absorbing layer and dye (in the phosphor): Control light absorption and scattering.
    • Factors affecting screen speed:
      • Type of phosphor: Calcium tungstate (traditional), rare earth (more efficient)
      • Thickness of the phosphor layer: thicker layers = more light emission = higher screen speed = lower detail
      • Crystal size: Larger crystals = higher speed = more quantum mottle (graininess)
      • Reflective layer: Increases light reflection, leading to higher screen speed.
      • Absorbing layer and dye: Control light absorption and scattering, influencing screen speed and detail.
      • Screen Speed: Reflects the amount of visual light produced. Higher speed = more light = greater image density = less detail.

    Phosphor Materials

    • Different phosphor materials have varying efficiencies and light output:
      • Calcium tungstate: Traditional phosphor, lower efficiency than rare earth.
      • Rare earth: (lanthanum oxybromide, gadolinium oxysulfide, yttrium tantalite) have higher conversion efficiency, leading to better film speed and lower patient dose.

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    Personal Notes on Radiographic Imaging Techniques PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on X-ray production, beam characteristics, and how radiographic film works. This quiz covers the key processes and properties of X-rays, as well as the structure of image receptors. Perfect for students in radiology or medical imaging courses.

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