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Questions and Answers
What material is primarily used for filters in medical radiography?
What material is primarily used for filters in medical radiography?
- Beryllium
- Aluminum (correct)
- Copper
- Lead
Inherent filtration comes only from the external components of the x-ray tube.
Inherent filtration comes only from the external components of the x-ray tube.
False (B)
What is the primary effect that aluminum filters have on x-ray photons?
What is the primary effect that aluminum filters have on x-ray photons?
They remove low-energy x-ray photons through the photoelectric effect.
______ filtration refers to a thin sheet of metal placed between the x-ray tube and beam collimator.
______ filtration refers to a thin sheet of metal placed between the x-ray tube and beam collimator.
Match the following materials with their typical use in x-ray filtering:
Match the following materials with their typical use in x-ray filtering:
What type of radiation is released when an electron is diverted by the electric field of the nucleus?
What type of radiation is released when an electron is diverted by the electric field of the nucleus?
The Kα line in the X-ray spectrum is produced when an electron jumps from the K shell to the L shell.
The Kα line in the X-ray spectrum is produced when an electron jumps from the K shell to the L shell.
What happens to the X-rays as they pass through the body?
What happens to the X-rays as they pass through the body?
The frequency ν1 of the Kα line is related to the energy difference as (EK - EL) = hν1, where h is __________.
The frequency ν1 of the Kα line is related to the energy difference as (EK - EL) = hν1, where h is __________.
Match the following materials with their ability to absorb X-rays:
Match the following materials with their ability to absorb X-rays:
Why do tumors often appear lighter gray than the surrounding tissue on X-ray images?
Why do tumors often appear lighter gray than the surrounding tissue on X-ray images?
The X-ray machine uses a beam of __________ that varies in absorption across different body parts.
The X-ray machine uses a beam of __________ that varies in absorption across different body parts.
Heavy elements are not effective at absorbing X-rays compared to lighter elements.
Heavy elements are not effective at absorbing X-rays compared to lighter elements.
Which isotope is NOT a concern related to radiation exposure in occupationally exposed individuals?
Which isotope is NOT a concern related to radiation exposure in occupationally exposed individuals?
X-rays were discovered in the late 19th century by Roentgen while experimenting with electric currents.
X-rays were discovered in the late 19th century by Roentgen while experimenting with electric currents.
What is Bremsstrahlung radiation?
What is Bremsstrahlung radiation?
X-ray photons are produced when high-energy electrons strike the __________.
X-ray photons are produced when high-energy electrons strike the __________.
Match the type of radiation with its description:
Match the type of radiation with its description:
What is the primary purpose of using radiation in products such as medical supplies?
What is the primary purpose of using radiation in products such as medical supplies?
Radiation exposure from consumer products can make the products themselves radioactive.
Radiation exposure from consumer products can make the products themselves radioactive.
Name one medical application of X-rays.
Name one medical application of X-rays.
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Study Notes
X-ray Production
- Electrons are diverted by the electric field of the nucleus, releasing energy as photons (Bremsstrahlung radiation).
- When a bombarding electron knocks out a K-shell or L-shell electron, a higher shell electron fills the space, releasing energy as an X-ray photon (characteristic radiation).
- The frequency (ν1) of the Kα line is given by (EK - EL) = hν1, where EK and EL are the energies of the K and L shells, respectively, and h is Planck's constant.
- The tungsten (W) X-ray spectrum at 40KeV is continuous due to Bremsstrahlung radiation.
X-ray Absorption
- Different materials absorb X-rays differently.
- Heavy elements like calcium absorb X-rays more than light elements like carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
- Dense areas like bone appear white on X-ray images because they block more radiation.
- Fat and muscle absorb less radiation, appearing in different shades of gray.
- The lungs appear black because they are filled with air.
X-ray Filtration
- X-ray tubes emit photons with a wide range of energies.
- Filtration removes low-energy photons that contribute little to the image but increase patient dose.
- Aluminum (Al) is commonly used as a filter in medical radiography.
- Beryllium is used in mammography for low-energy photons.
- Filtration can be inherent (from the tube components) or added (thin metal sheet).
X-ray Applications
- X-rays are used in medical imaging to diagnose conditions.
- X-rays are also used in various industrial applications such as sterilization, thickness measurement, and quality control.
History of X-rays
- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays accidentally in 1895 while experimenting with Crookes tubes.
- Roentgen noticed fogging of photographic plates near the Crookes tubes.
X-ray Tube
- X-ray tubes have a cathode (filament) and an anode.
- The filament is heated using filament current, causing electrons to be emitted (thermionic emission).
- Tube voltage accelerates the electrons towards the anode.
- When electrons collide with the anode, X-ray photons are produced.
- These photons pass through the patient and create an image on a detector.
X-ray Spectrum
- The x-ray spectrum is a distribution of photon energies.
- Characteristic radiation peaks are present at specific energies, which depend on the anode material.
- Bremsstrahlung radiation produces a continuous spectrum of photon energies.
X-ray Dose
- Occupational exposure to radiation is monitored using dosimeters.
- Sources of radiation exposure include natural sources (radon, cosmic rays, terrestrial), man-made sources (consumer products, nuclear medicine).
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