Podcast
Questions and Answers
What material is primarily used for filters in medical radiography?
Inherent filtration comes only from the external components of the x-ray tube.
False
What is the primary effect that aluminum filters have on x-ray photons?
They remove low-energy x-ray photons through the photoelectric effect.
______ filtration refers to a thin sheet of metal placed between the x-ray tube and beam collimator.
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Match the following materials with their typical use in x-ray filtering:
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What type of radiation is released when an electron is diverted by the electric field of the nucleus?
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The Kα line in the X-ray spectrum is produced when an electron jumps from the K shell to the L shell.
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What happens to the X-rays as they pass through the body?
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The frequency ν1 of the Kα line is related to the energy difference as (EK - EL) = hν1, where h is __________.
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Match the following materials with their ability to absorb X-rays:
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Why do tumors often appear lighter gray than the surrounding tissue on X-ray images?
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The X-ray machine uses a beam of __________ that varies in absorption across different body parts.
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Heavy elements are not effective at absorbing X-rays compared to lighter elements.
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Which isotope is NOT a concern related to radiation exposure in occupationally exposed individuals?
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X-rays were discovered in the late 19th century by Roentgen while experimenting with electric currents.
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What is Bremsstrahlung radiation?
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X-ray photons are produced when high-energy electrons strike the __________.
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Match the type of radiation with its description:
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What is the primary purpose of using radiation in products such as medical supplies?
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Radiation exposure from consumer products can make the products themselves radioactive.
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Name one medical application of X-rays.
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Study Notes
X-ray Production
- Electrons are diverted by the electric field of the nucleus, releasing energy as photons (Bremsstrahlung radiation).
- When a bombarding electron knocks out a K-shell or L-shell electron, a higher shell electron fills the space, releasing energy as an X-ray photon (characteristic radiation).
- The frequency (ν1) of the Kα line is given by (EK - EL) = hν1, where EK and EL are the energies of the K and L shells, respectively, and h is Planck's constant.
- The tungsten (W) X-ray spectrum at 40KeV is continuous due to Bremsstrahlung radiation.
X-ray Absorption
- Different materials absorb X-rays differently.
- Heavy elements like calcium absorb X-rays more than light elements like carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
- Dense areas like bone appear white on X-ray images because they block more radiation.
- Fat and muscle absorb less radiation, appearing in different shades of gray.
- The lungs appear black because they are filled with air.
X-ray Filtration
- X-ray tubes emit photons with a wide range of energies.
- Filtration removes low-energy photons that contribute little to the image but increase patient dose.
- Aluminum (Al) is commonly used as a filter in medical radiography.
- Beryllium is used in mammography for low-energy photons.
- Filtration can be inherent (from the tube components) or added (thin metal sheet).
X-ray Applications
- X-rays are used in medical imaging to diagnose conditions.
- X-rays are also used in various industrial applications such as sterilization, thickness measurement, and quality control.
History of X-rays
- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays accidentally in 1895 while experimenting with Crookes tubes.
- Roentgen noticed fogging of photographic plates near the Crookes tubes.
X-ray Tube
- X-ray tubes have a cathode (filament) and an anode.
- The filament is heated using filament current, causing electrons to be emitted (thermionic emission).
- Tube voltage accelerates the electrons towards the anode.
- When electrons collide with the anode, X-ray photons are produced.
- These photons pass through the patient and create an image on a detector.
X-ray Spectrum
- The x-ray spectrum is a distribution of photon energies.
- Characteristic radiation peaks are present at specific energies, which depend on the anode material.
- Bremsstrahlung radiation produces a continuous spectrum of photon energies.
X-ray Dose
- Occupational exposure to radiation is monitored using dosimeters.
- Sources of radiation exposure include natural sources (radon, cosmic rays, terrestrial), man-made sources (consumer products, nuclear medicine).
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Description
Explore the principles of X-ray production and absorption in this quiz. Learn about Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation, as well as how different materials interact with X-rays. Test your knowledge on how various body tissues appear in X-ray imaging.
