X-Ray Physics and Pair Production Concepts

<p>Thomson scattering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photodisintegration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They transform into photons of 0.51 MeV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption characteristics can either increase or decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is critical for designing effective shielding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the penetrating power of X-rays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To concentrate the stream of electrons to a specific area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a high melting point and atomic number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water or oil-recirculating systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove air that can cause arcing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kilovolts, millivolts, and exposure time controls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The size of the focal spot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is burned off by raising the tube current and voltage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They emit a quantized photon characteristic of the element. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has an imbalance in the number of neutrons and protons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 10-12 seconds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radionuclides of high atomic mass. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can include high-speed subatomic particles and gamma rays. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radioactive materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will be emailed to customers after inspection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By presenting a three-dimensional image of the scanned part. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will create CAD models for accurate x-ray simulations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gamma rays originate from radioactive atoms, while X-rays come from X-ray generators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for real-time results to aid in understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both travel in straight lines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the technical classroom for instructors and students. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance the reliability and speed of interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To effectively capture images of rapidly moving objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Field emission resulting from strong electrical potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cobalt-60 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot be turned off and require constant safety management. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gamma rays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cesium-137 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.5 mm x 1.5 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are highly portable and suitable for field use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are protected from finger marks and dirt until processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce scatter radiation at low energy levels and intensify at higher levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may result in desensitized areas in the radiograph. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should always be grasped by the edges and allowed to hang freely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate easy removal of the film in a darkroom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid quickly drawing film from cartons or holders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long lengths of film that allow for large areas to be examined at once. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dry hands and minimize contamination on the films. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electromagnetic radiation emitted when an atom's outer-shell electron drops to an inner shell.

The intensity of radiation emitted by radioactive decay. The higher the activity, the more radiation is emitted.

The process where an unstable atom's nucleus spontaneously breaks down, emitting radiation.

A type of radioactive decay where an atomic nucleus emits a high-energy photon.

A high-speed particle emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay, composed of two protons and two neutrons.

Atoms with unstable nuclei that undergo radioactive decay.

Subatomic particles or electromagnetic radiation that can ionize atoms by removing electrons, causing damage to cells.

The energy that holds the nucleus of an atom together.

Digital radiography uses computers to capture and process images, eliminating the need for traditional film.

Computer programs create realistic simulations of radiographic inspections using virtual models.

Simulations mimic real inspections, allowing students to see results immediately and adjust settings for optimal image quality.

X-rays and gamma rays originate from different sources but share the same properties as light waves.

X-rays and gamma rays are energy waves, like light. These waves cannot be seen, felt, or heard, and they have no mass.

X-rays and gamma rays have no electrical charge, are not affected by magnets, and mostly travel in straight lines.

X-rays and gamma rays can be bent like light, allowing for advanced imaging techniques.

Computer-aided radiography enhances imaging by creating 3D models, showing defects within parts, and enabling layer-by-layer analysis.

A type of film packaging where the film is enclosed in a light-tight envelope, allowing exposure from either side without removing it from the protective packaging.

X-ray generators that deliver short bursts of intense radiation, ideal for capturing fast-moving objects or transient events.

A method used in flash X-ray generators to produce high electron currents for generating X-rays, where electrons are pulled from the cathode by a strong electrical field.

A strip that allows the film to be easily removed from the envelope for processing.

A type of film packaging where the film is rolled up, allowing the radiographer to cut it to the desired length.

Man-made radioactive sources created by introducing an extra neutron into an atom's nucleus.

Radioactive isotopes used for industrial radiography, emitting gamma rays at specific energy levels.

Lead oxide screens placed on either side of the film in some envelope-packed film packages, reducing scatter radiation at lower energy levels and intensifying the image at higher energy levels.

Avoiding extreme pressures, creasing, buckling, friction, etc., to prevent image defects.

The process of radioactive decay where an unstable atom's nucleus releases energy in the form of gamma rays.

The potential for gamma sources to penetrate thick materials due to their high energy levels.

Ensuring uniform pressure when loading films in holders to prevent areas of desensitization on the radiograph, especially important with envelope-packed films.

Avoiding contact with moist or contaminated fingers to prevent marks on the radiograph.

The primary disadvantage of using radioactive sources, as they constantly emit radiation, requiring careful handling and management.

Avoiding quickly removing film from containers, as this can cause static electricity and damage the film.

The compact and portable format of radioactive sources, often contained within a stainless-steel capsule.

The energy change of a photon when it interacts with matter, but not in a consistent pattern. The energy shift depends on the scattering angle, not the material it interacts with.

When a high-energy photon (over 1.02 MeV) interacts with matter, it disappears and creates an electron and a positron. The positron quickly decays, releasing two photons.

A scattering interaction where the x-ray photon interacts with the whole atom, with no energy loss. The scattering is mostly forward.

An interaction where the x-ray photon is absorbed by the nucleus of an atom, causing a particle to be ejected. This is significant only at very high energies.

The ability of materials to absorb or block radiation, especially x-rays. It's important for understanding image contrast and designing radiation shielding.

The difference in brightness between different areas in a radiographic image. Higher contrast makes it easier to detect small details.

The thickness of a material that can be penetrated by a given radiation. Thicker materials require higher energy radiation for sufficient penetration.

The relationship between a material's thickness, absorption properties, and the energy of the radiation used. Understanding this is crucial for creating high-quality radiographs.

Higher kilovoltage means electrons strike the anode with more energy, resulting in X-rays with greater penetrating power.

The voltage control on the X-ray system allows you to adjust the kilovoltage, which affects the X-rays' penetrating ability and intensity.

The focal spot is the area on the anode where electrons hit, producing X-rays. A smaller focal spot results in sharper images.

The anode, often made of tungsten, needs cooling to prevent overheating due to the energy conversion process. Water or oil circulating systems are common.

To prevent the cathode from burning up and arcing between the cathode and anode, all oxygen is removed from the X-ray tube.

Most industrial X-ray tubes require a warm-up procedure to slowly burn any available oxygen before operating at high power. This prevents damage to the tube.

The control console allows you to adjust key settings like kilovoltage, amperage, exposure time, and sometimes even focal spot size.

X-ray generators come in a variety of sizes and configurations, depending on the specific application and needs.