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Questions and Answers

What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?

Microbiology

What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?

Sensitivity testing

Microorganisms that reside in the body but that do not cause disease are known as?

Normal flora

The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as?

<p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a natural defense?

<p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as?

<p>Contagious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as?

<p>Droplet infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the time first symptoms indicating an approaching disease called?

<p>Prodromal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include?

<p>Boils, wound infections, food poisoning, abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?

<p>Diplococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Staphylococcal infections result in?

<p>Pus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptococci does not cause?

<p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syphilis is caused by?

<p>Spirochete</p> Signup and view all the answers

Escherichia coli normally resides in the?

<p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disease NOT caused by a virus?

<p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?

<p>Mechanical microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-power objective has a magnification of?

<p>100x</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure requires oil immersion?

<p>Gram-stained smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microbiologic specimens may be obtained from the...

<p>throat, nose, wounds, vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?

<p>Microbiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?

<p>Sensitivity testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms that reside in the body but do not cause disease are known as...

<p>Normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as...

<p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a natural defense?

<p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as...

<p>Contagious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as...

<p>Droplet infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time when first symptoms indicating an approaching disease occur?

<p>Prodromal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include...

<p>Food poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?

<p>Diplococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Staphylococcal infections result in...

<p>Pus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptococci does not cause:

<p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syphilis is caused by...

<p>Spirochete</p> Signup and view all the answers

Escherichia coli normally reside in the...

<p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disease NOT caused by a virus:

<p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?

<p>Mechanical microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-power objective has a magnification of...

<p>100x</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure requires oil immersion?

<p>Gram-stained smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microbiologic specimen may be obtained from the...

<p>Throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transport media: preserves specimen in original state, keeps specimen at optimal growth, reduces number of pathogens in specimen, provides nutrients for multiplication of specimen, or all of those?

<p>Preserves specimen in original state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Throat specimen collected from what area?

<p>Tonsillar area and posterior pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sequela to streptococcal sore throat:

<p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to examine live microorganisms?

<p>Wet mount</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is identified by observing its movement under a microscope?

<p>Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Material spread on a slide for microscopic examination is a...

<p>Smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

To see bacteria on a smear, it must first be...

<p>Stained</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram-positive bacteria appear...

<p>Purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Causative agent of gonorrhea is:

<p>Gram-negative diplococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood specimen for most blood chemistry tests?

<p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Substance being identified or measured?

<p>Analyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

Standard to detect errors by laboratory equipment is...

<p>Calibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Term for glucose stored in muscle and liver tissue for later use...

<p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instructions to patient regarding a fasting blood glucose test include:

<p>Do not consume food or fluid (except water) for 24 hours before the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is normal fasting glucose levels?

<p>70-99</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serious side effects of an oral glucose tolerance test include:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Term for abnormally low level of glucose in the blood?

<p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Condition NOT caused by high blood glucose:

<p>Alzheimer's</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose recommended for diabetics before a meal?

<p>80-120</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin A1c measures:

<p>Average amount of glucose in blood over 3 month period</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recommended A1c level for someone with diabetes is...

<p>Less than 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT handling/storage requirement for glucose test strips?

<p>Remove desiccant after opening a new test strip container</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do you NOT need to perform control test?

<p>When a new battery is inserted</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characteristic of cholesterol:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most cholesterol in the body is from...

<p>Being manufactured by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of arteries is...

<p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary use of cholesterol test:

<p>Screen for coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which does not have cholesterol?

<p>Fruit juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is transported in the blood as a molecule known as a...

<p>Lipoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Function of LDL is to...

<p>Carry cholesterol to the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Risk factor for coronary artery disease:

<p>HDL level of 25</p> Signup and view all the answers

Total cholesterol reading of 250 is considered...

<p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instructions for triglyceride test include:

<p>Do not eat or drink (except water) for 12 hours before the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CANNOT result in elevated triglyceride levels?

<p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

BUN test is used to...

<p>Detect kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Term for substance capable of combining with an antigen?

<p>Antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

Example of an antigen:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Screening test for syphilis:

<p>VDRL</p> Signup and view all the answers

Test used to detect blood incompatibility problems with mother and unborn child:

<p>Rh antibody titer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microorganism that causes infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Epstein-Barr</p> Signup and view all the answers

NOT a symptom of mononucleosis:

<p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Test NOT included in CDC:

<p>Prothrombin time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Function of hemoglobin?

<p>Transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Male hemoglobin reading of 16 is:

<p>Within range</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low hemoglobin may occur with all EXCEPT:

<p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increase in hemoglobin occurs with:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hematocrit means...

<p>To separate blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buffy coat consists of:

<p>White blood cells and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Male hematocrit reading of 60 is considered:

<p>Increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hematocrit test results should be read at the:

<p>Top of the red cell column</p> Signup and view all the answers

Female white blood cell count of 14,500 is:

<p>Above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Results in leukocytosis:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Male white blood cell count of 8,000 is:

<p>Within range</p> Signup and view all the answers

Results in leukopenia:

<p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normal range for red blood cell count in a woman?

<p>4-5.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

Causes decrease in red blood cell count:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cell indices assist diagnosis of types of:

<p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cell indices include all EXCEPT:

<p>RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood smears required for a differential white blood count?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

45 neutrophils: below normal, normal, above normal?

<p>Normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Results reporting there are no basophils: below normal, normal, above normal?

<p>Normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

PT/INR result of a healthy individual with normal clotting ability?

<p>0.8-1.2 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Function of warfarin?

<p>Inhibit formation of blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often would a patient on warfarin have a PT/INR test performed?

<p>Every 2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Problem if the PT/INR blood tube is not filled to the exhaustion of vacuum?

<p>Inaccurate test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

When collecting a venous blood specimen to be transported to an outside lab you should refer to the:

<p>Laboratory directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Position for a venipuncture with a nervous or someone who has fainted for a venipuncture?

<p>Semi-Fowler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Venous reflux is prevented by:

<p>Keeping the patient's arm downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

Best antecubital vein to use:

<p>Median cubital vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics of the brachial artery:

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tube of blood with no anticoagulant separates into:

<p>Serum and blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is serum obtained?

<p>From clotted blood that has been centrifuged</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whole blood is obtained by:

<p>Using a tube with anticoagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a violation of OSHA standard?

<p>Removing the plastic holder from the needle for reuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most common gauge needle for venipuncture using vacuum tube method?

<p>21 G</p> Signup and view all the answers

Size of evacuated tube you choose to obtain venous blood specimen depends on the:

<p>Amount of specimen required for the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lavender stopped tube has:

<p>EDTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an evacuated tube with a red stopper have in it?

<p>Nothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stopper tube is used to collect a CBC?

<p>Lavender</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following tubes can be used to collect serum except:

<p>Lavender</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of tubes?

<p>Special, blue, red, gold, green, lavender, gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology and Pathogens

  • Microbiology studies microorganisms and their activities.
  • Normal flora refers to microorganisms that reside in the body without causing disease.
  • An infection is the invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism.
  • Contagious diseases can spread from person to person.

Laboratory Procedures and Specimen Collection

  • Sensitivity testing is not used for pathogen identification.
  • Gram-stained smears require oil immersion for microscopy.
  • Wet mounts are used to examine live microorganisms.

Conditions and Infections

  • Boils, wound infections, food poisoning, and abscesses can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Sequelae from streptococcal sore throat may include rheumatic fever.
  • Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis.

Blood Chemistry and Glucose Monitoring

  • Normal fasting glucose levels range from 70-99 mg/dL; diabetic levels before meals are typically aimed between 80-120 mg/dL.
  • A1c testing measures average blood glucose over three months, with recommended levels for diabetics under 7%.
  • A BUN test is used to detect kidney disease.

Cholesterol and Lipid Levels

  • Cholesterol is a waxy substance necessary for cells and hormone production, primarily manufactured by the liver.
  • A total cholesterol reading above 240 mg/dL is considered high.
  • Lipoproteins transport cholesterol in blood; LDL carries cholesterol to cells.

Blood Component Analysis

  • Hemoglobin functions to transport oxygen, with normal male readings around 16 g/dL.
  • Hematocrit indicates blood volume percentages, normal in women is 4-5.5 million RBCs.
  • Leukocytosis can be caused by infections like appendicitis or chickenpox, while leukopenia often occurs due to chemotherapy.

Testing and Results Interpretation

  • PT/INR results typically range from 0.8-1.2 seconds for individuals with normal clotting.
  • The accumulation of fat in arteries is termed atherosclerosis; it is linked to cardiovascular issues.
  • Antibodies combine with antigens, which include a range of substances like viruses and allergens.

Venipuncture and Blood Collection

  • The median cubital vein is the preferred site for venipuncture due to its accessibility.
  • Using a tube with anticoagulant is essential for obtaining whole blood; centrifugation separates serum from clotted blood.
  • The most common gauge needle for blood collection is 21 G.

Safety and Regulatory Compliance

  • OSHA standards require proper labeling and disposal of needles; reusing needle holders violates these standards.
  • Laboratory directories are crucial for guidance on specimen handling when sending samples to external labs.

Important Test Contexts

  • Triglyceride tests require fasting for 12 hours prior, while cholesterol levels can indicate coronary artery disease risk.
  • Conditions like hyperthyroidism do not typically result in elevated triglyceride levels.

Types of Bacteria and Staining

  • Gram-positive bacteria appear purple after staining, and round bacteria in pairs are referred to as diplococci.
  • Gram-negative diplococci are responsible for gonorrhea, while spirochetes are responsible for syphilis.

Summary of Key Points

  • Clinical lab procedures are critical for accurate diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases.
  • Understanding the characteristics of microorganisms, test procedures, and blood components is essential in a clinical setting.
  • Familiarity with normal ranges and implications of lab results aids in effective patient management.

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