Untitled Quiz

Questions and Answers

What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?

Microbiology

What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?

Sensitivity testing

Microorganisms that reside in the body but that do not cause disease are known as?

Normal flora

The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a natural defense?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as?

Contagious disease Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as?

Droplet infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the time first symptoms indicating an approaching disease called?

Prodromal period Signup and view all the answers

Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include?

Boils, wound infections, food poisoning, abscesses Signup and view all the answers

Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?

Diplococci Signup and view all the answers

Staphylococcal infections result in?

Pus formation Signup and view all the answers

Streptococci does not cause?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Syphilis is caused by?

Spirochete Signup and view all the answers

Escherichia coli normally resides in the?

Large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Disease NOT caused by a virus?

Tetanus Signup and view all the answers

Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?

Mechanical microscope Signup and view all the answers

High-power objective has a magnification of?

100x Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure requires oil immersion?

Gram-stained smear Signup and view all the answers

Microbiologic specimens may be obtained from the...

throat, nose, wounds, vagina Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?

Microbiology Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?

Sensitivity testing Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms that reside in the body but do not cause disease are known as...

Normal flora Signup and view all the answers

The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as...

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a natural defense?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as...

Contagious disease Signup and view all the answers

The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as...

Droplet infection Signup and view all the answers

Time when first symptoms indicating an approaching disease occur?

Prodromal period Signup and view all the answers

Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include...

Food poisoning Signup and view all the answers

Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?

Diplococci Signup and view all the answers

Staphylococcal infections result in...

Pus formation Signup and view all the answers

Streptococci does not cause:

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Syphilis is caused by...

Spirochete Signup and view all the answers

Escherichia coli normally reside in the...

Large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Disease NOT caused by a virus:

Tetanus Signup and view all the answers

Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?

Mechanical microscope Signup and view all the answers

High-power objective has a magnification of...

100x Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure requires oil immersion?

Gram-stained smear Signup and view all the answers

Microbiologic specimen may be obtained from the...

Throat Signup and view all the answers

Transport media: preserves specimen in original state, keeps specimen at optimal growth, reduces number of pathogens in specimen, provides nutrients for multiplication of specimen, or all of those?

Preserves specimen in original state Signup and view all the answers

Throat specimen collected from what area?

Tonsillar area and posterior pharynx Signup and view all the answers

Sequela to streptococcal sore throat:

Rheumatic fever Signup and view all the answers

What is used to examine live microorganisms?

Wet mount Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism is identified by observing its movement under a microscope?

Trichomonas vaginalis Signup and view all the answers

Material spread on a slide for microscopic examination is a...

Smear Signup and view all the answers

To see bacteria on a smear, it must first be...

Stained Signup and view all the answers

Gram-positive bacteria appear...

Purple Signup and view all the answers

Causative agent of gonorrhea is:

Gram-negative diplococcus Signup and view all the answers

Blood specimen for most blood chemistry tests?

Serum Signup and view all the answers

Substance being identified or measured?

Analyte Signup and view all the answers

Standard to detect errors by laboratory equipment is...

Calibration Signup and view all the answers

Term for glucose stored in muscle and liver tissue for later use...

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Instructions to patient regarding a fasting blood glucose test include:

Do not consume food or fluid (except water) for 24 hours before the test Signup and view all the answers

What is normal fasting glucose levels?

70-99 Signup and view all the answers

Serious side effects of an oral glucose tolerance test include:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Term for abnormally low level of glucose in the blood?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Condition NOT caused by high blood glucose:

Alzheimer's Signup and view all the answers

Glucose recommended for diabetics before a meal?

80-120 Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin A1c measures:

Average amount of glucose in blood over 3 month period Signup and view all the answers

Recommended A1c level for someone with diabetes is...

Less than 7% Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT handling/storage requirement for glucose test strips?

Remove desiccant after opening a new test strip container Signup and view all the answers

When do you NOT need to perform control test?

When a new battery is inserted Signup and view all the answers

Characteristic of cholesterol:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Most cholesterol in the body is from...

Being manufactured by the liver Signup and view all the answers

Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of arteries is...

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Primary use of cholesterol test:

Screen for coronary artery disease Signup and view all the answers

Which does not have cholesterol?

Fruit juice Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is transported in the blood as a molecule known as a...

Lipoprotein Signup and view all the answers

Function of LDL is to...

Carry cholesterol to the cells Signup and view all the answers

Risk factor for coronary artery disease:

HDL level of 25 Signup and view all the answers

Total cholesterol reading of 250 is considered...

High Signup and view all the answers

Instructions for triglyceride test include:

Do not eat or drink (except water) for 12 hours before the test Signup and view all the answers

Which CANNOT result in elevated triglyceride levels?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

BUN test is used to...

Detect kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

Term for substance capable of combining with an antigen?

Antibody Signup and view all the answers

Example of an antigen:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Screening test for syphilis:

VDRL Signup and view all the answers

Test used to detect blood incompatibility problems with mother and unborn child:

Rh antibody titer Signup and view all the answers

Microorganism that causes infectious mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr Signup and view all the answers

NOT a symptom of mononucleosis:

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Test NOT included in CDC:

Prothrombin time Signup and view all the answers

Function of hemoglobin?

Transport oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Male hemoglobin reading of 16 is:

Within range Signup and view all the answers

Low hemoglobin may occur with all EXCEPT:

Polycythemia Signup and view all the answers

Increase in hemoglobin occurs with:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Hematocrit means...

To separate blood Signup and view all the answers

Buffy coat consists of:

White blood cells and platelets Signup and view all the answers

Male hematocrit reading of 60 is considered:

Increased Signup and view all the answers

Hematocrit test results should be read at the:

Top of the red cell column Signup and view all the answers

Female white blood cell count of 14,500 is:

Above Signup and view all the answers

Results in leukocytosis:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Male white blood cell count of 8,000 is:

Within range Signup and view all the answers

Results in leukopenia:

Chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Normal range for red blood cell count in a woman?

4-5.5 million Signup and view all the answers

Causes decrease in red blood cell count:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cell indices assist diagnosis of types of:

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cell indices include all EXCEPT:

RBC Signup and view all the answers

Blood smears required for a differential white blood count?

2 Signup and view all the answers

45 neutrophils: below normal, normal, above normal?

Normal Signup and view all the answers

Results reporting there are no basophils: below normal, normal, above normal?

Normal Signup and view all the answers

PT/INR result of a healthy individual with normal clotting ability?

0.8-1.2 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Function of warfarin?

Inhibit formation of blood clots Signup and view all the answers

How often would a patient on warfarin have a PT/INR test performed?

Every 2-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Problem if the PT/INR blood tube is not filled to the exhaustion of vacuum?

Inaccurate test results Signup and view all the answers

When collecting a venous blood specimen to be transported to an outside lab you should refer to the:

Laboratory directory Signup and view all the answers

Position for a venipuncture with a nervous or someone who has fainted for a venipuncture?

Semi-Fowler Signup and view all the answers

Venous reflux is prevented by:

Keeping the patient's arm downward Signup and view all the answers

Best antecubital vein to use:

Median cubital vein Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics of the brachial artery:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

A tube of blood with no anticoagulant separates into:

Serum and blood cells Signup and view all the answers

How is serum obtained?

From clotted blood that has been centrifuged Signup and view all the answers

Whole blood is obtained by:

Using a tube with anticoagulant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a violation of OSHA standard?

Removing the plastic holder from the needle for reuse Signup and view all the answers

Most common gauge needle for venipuncture using vacuum tube method?

21 G Signup and view all the answers

Size of evacuated tube you choose to obtain venous blood specimen depends on the:

Amount of specimen required for the test Signup and view all the answers

A lavender stopped tube has:

EDTA Signup and view all the answers

What does an evacuated tube with a red stopper have in it?

Nothing Signup and view all the answers

What stopper tube is used to collect a CBC?

Lavender Signup and view all the answers

All of the following tubes can be used to collect serum except:

Lavender Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of tubes?

Special, blue, red, gold, green, lavender, gray Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology and Pathogens

Microbiology studies microorganisms and their activities.
Normal flora refers to microorganisms that reside in the body without causing disease.
An infection is the invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism.
Contagious diseases can spread from person to person.

Laboratory Procedures and Specimen Collection

Sensitivity testing is not used for pathogen identification.
Gram-stained smears require oil immersion for microscopy.
Wet mounts are used to examine live microorganisms.

Conditions and Infections

Boils, wound infections, food poisoning, and abscesses can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Sequelae from streptococcal sore throat may include rheumatic fever.
Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis.

Blood Chemistry and Glucose Monitoring

Normal fasting glucose levels range from 70-99 mg/dL; diabetic levels before meals are typically aimed between 80-120 mg/dL.
A1c testing measures average blood glucose over three months, with recommended levels for diabetics under 7%.
A BUN test is used to detect kidney disease.

Cholesterol and Lipid Levels

Cholesterol is a waxy substance necessary for cells and hormone production, primarily manufactured by the liver.
A total cholesterol reading above 240 mg/dL is considered high.
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol in blood; LDL carries cholesterol to cells.

Blood Component Analysis

Hemoglobin functions to transport oxygen, with normal male readings around 16 g/dL.
Hematocrit indicates blood volume percentages, normal in women is 4-5.5 million RBCs.
Leukocytosis can be caused by infections like appendicitis or chickenpox, while leukopenia often occurs due to chemotherapy.

Testing and Results Interpretation

PT/INR results typically range from 0.8-1.2 seconds for individuals with normal clotting.
The accumulation of fat in arteries is termed atherosclerosis; it is linked to cardiovascular issues.
Antibodies combine with antigens, which include a range of substances like viruses and allergens.

Venipuncture and Blood Collection

The median cubital vein is the preferred site for venipuncture due to its accessibility.
Using a tube with anticoagulant is essential for obtaining whole blood; centrifugation separates serum from clotted blood.
The most common gauge needle for blood collection is 21 G.

Safety and Regulatory Compliance

OSHA standards require proper labeling and disposal of needles; reusing needle holders violates these standards.
Laboratory directories are crucial for guidance on specimen handling when sending samples to external labs.

Important Test Contexts

Triglyceride tests require fasting for 12 hours prior, while cholesterol levels can indicate coronary artery disease risk.
Conditions like hyperthyroidism do not typically result in elevated triglyceride levels.

Types of Bacteria and Staining

Gram-positive bacteria appear purple after staining, and round bacteria in pairs are referred to as diplococci.
Gram-negative diplococci are responsible for gonorrhea, while spirochetes are responsible for syphilis.

Summary of Key Points

Clinical lab procedures are critical for accurate diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases.
Understanding the characteristics of microorganisms, test procedures, and blood components is essential in a clinical setting.
Familiarity with normal ranges and implications of lab results aids in effective patient management.

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