Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?
What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?
Microbiology
What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?
What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?
Sensitivity testing
Microorganisms that reside in the body but that do not cause disease are known as?
Microorganisms that reside in the body but that do not cause disease are known as?
Normal flora
The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as?
The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as?
Which of the following is not a natural defense?
Which of the following is not a natural defense?
A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as?
A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as?
The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as?
The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as?
What is the time first symptoms indicating an approaching disease called?
What is the time first symptoms indicating an approaching disease called?
Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include?
Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include?
Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?
Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?
Staphylococcal infections result in?
Staphylococcal infections result in?
Streptococci does not cause?
Streptococci does not cause?
Syphilis is caused by?
Syphilis is caused by?
Escherichia coli normally resides in the?
Escherichia coli normally resides in the?
Disease NOT caused by a virus?
Disease NOT caused by a virus?
Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?
Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?
High-power objective has a magnification of?
High-power objective has a magnification of?
Which procedure requires oil immersion?
Which procedure requires oil immersion?
Microbiologic specimens may be obtained from the...
Microbiologic specimens may be obtained from the...
What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?
What term is used to describe the scientific study of microorganisms and their activities?
What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?
What is NOT used to identify a pathogen?
Microorganisms that reside in the body but do not cause disease are known as...
Microorganisms that reside in the body but do not cause disease are known as...
The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as...
The invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism is known as...
Which of the following is not a natural defense?
Which of the following is not a natural defense?
A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as...
A disease that can be spread from one person to another is known as...
The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as...
The transfer of pathogens on a fine spray of moisture droplets is known as...
Time when first symptoms indicating an approaching disease occur?
Time when first symptoms indicating an approaching disease occur?
Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include...
Conditions caused by Staphylococcus aureus include...
Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?
Name given to round bacteria growing in pairs?
Staphylococcal infections result in...
Staphylococcal infections result in...
Streptococci does not cause:
Streptococci does not cause:
Syphilis is caused by...
Syphilis is caused by...
Escherichia coli normally reside in the...
Escherichia coli normally reside in the...
Disease NOT caused by a virus:
Disease NOT caused by a virus:
Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?
Type of microscope with adjustment knobs that allow movement of the slide in vertical/horizontal position?
High-power objective has a magnification of...
High-power objective has a magnification of...
Which procedure requires oil immersion?
Which procedure requires oil immersion?
Microbiologic specimen may be obtained from the...
Microbiologic specimen may be obtained from the...
Transport media: preserves specimen in original state, keeps specimen at optimal growth, reduces number of pathogens in specimen, provides nutrients for multiplication of specimen, or all of those?
Transport media: preserves specimen in original state, keeps specimen at optimal growth, reduces number of pathogens in specimen, provides nutrients for multiplication of specimen, or all of those?
Throat specimen collected from what area?
Throat specimen collected from what area?
Sequela to streptococcal sore throat:
Sequela to streptococcal sore throat:
What is used to examine live microorganisms?
What is used to examine live microorganisms?
Which microorganism is identified by observing its movement under a microscope?
Which microorganism is identified by observing its movement under a microscope?
Material spread on a slide for microscopic examination is a...
Material spread on a slide for microscopic examination is a...
To see bacteria on a smear, it must first be...
To see bacteria on a smear, it must first be...
Gram-positive bacteria appear...
Gram-positive bacteria appear...
Causative agent of gonorrhea is:
Causative agent of gonorrhea is:
Blood specimen for most blood chemistry tests?
Blood specimen for most blood chemistry tests?
Substance being identified or measured?
Substance being identified or measured?
Standard to detect errors by laboratory equipment is...
Standard to detect errors by laboratory equipment is...
Term for glucose stored in muscle and liver tissue for later use...
Term for glucose stored in muscle and liver tissue for later use...
Instructions to patient regarding a fasting blood glucose test include:
Instructions to patient regarding a fasting blood glucose test include:
What is normal fasting glucose levels?
What is normal fasting glucose levels?
Serious side effects of an oral glucose tolerance test include:
Serious side effects of an oral glucose tolerance test include:
Term for abnormally low level of glucose in the blood?
Term for abnormally low level of glucose in the blood?
Condition NOT caused by high blood glucose:
Condition NOT caused by high blood glucose:
Glucose recommended for diabetics before a meal?
Glucose recommended for diabetics before a meal?
Hemoglobin A1c measures:
Hemoglobin A1c measures:
Recommended A1c level for someone with diabetes is...
Recommended A1c level for someone with diabetes is...
Which is NOT handling/storage requirement for glucose test strips?
Which is NOT handling/storage requirement for glucose test strips?
When do you NOT need to perform control test?
When do you NOT need to perform control test?
Characteristic of cholesterol:
Characteristic of cholesterol:
Most cholesterol in the body is from...
Most cholesterol in the body is from...
Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of arteries is...
Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of arteries is...
Primary use of cholesterol test:
Primary use of cholesterol test:
Which does not have cholesterol?
Which does not have cholesterol?
Cholesterol is transported in the blood as a molecule known as a...
Cholesterol is transported in the blood as a molecule known as a...
Function of LDL is to...
Function of LDL is to...
Risk factor for coronary artery disease:
Risk factor for coronary artery disease:
Total cholesterol reading of 250 is considered...
Total cholesterol reading of 250 is considered...
Instructions for triglyceride test include:
Instructions for triglyceride test include:
Which CANNOT result in elevated triglyceride levels?
Which CANNOT result in elevated triglyceride levels?
BUN test is used to...
BUN test is used to...
Term for substance capable of combining with an antigen?
Term for substance capable of combining with an antigen?
Example of an antigen:
Example of an antigen:
Screening test for syphilis:
Screening test for syphilis:
Test used to detect blood incompatibility problems with mother and unborn child:
Test used to detect blood incompatibility problems with mother and unborn child:
Microorganism that causes infectious mononucleosis?
Microorganism that causes infectious mononucleosis?
NOT a symptom of mononucleosis:
NOT a symptom of mononucleosis:
Test NOT included in CDC:
Test NOT included in CDC:
Function of hemoglobin?
Function of hemoglobin?
Male hemoglobin reading of 16 is:
Male hemoglobin reading of 16 is:
Low hemoglobin may occur with all EXCEPT:
Low hemoglobin may occur with all EXCEPT:
Increase in hemoglobin occurs with:
Increase in hemoglobin occurs with:
Hematocrit means...
Hematocrit means...
Buffy coat consists of:
Buffy coat consists of:
Male hematocrit reading of 60 is considered:
Male hematocrit reading of 60 is considered:
Hematocrit test results should be read at the:
Hematocrit test results should be read at the:
Female white blood cell count of 14,500 is:
Female white blood cell count of 14,500 is:
Results in leukocytosis:
Results in leukocytosis:
Male white blood cell count of 8,000 is:
Male white blood cell count of 8,000 is:
Results in leukopenia:
Results in leukopenia:
Normal range for red blood cell count in a woman?
Normal range for red blood cell count in a woman?
Causes decrease in red blood cell count:
Causes decrease in red blood cell count:
Red blood cell indices assist diagnosis of types of:
Red blood cell indices assist diagnosis of types of:
Red blood cell indices include all EXCEPT:
Red blood cell indices include all EXCEPT:
Blood smears required for a differential white blood count?
Blood smears required for a differential white blood count?
45 neutrophils: below normal, normal, above normal?
45 neutrophils: below normal, normal, above normal?
Results reporting there are no basophils: below normal, normal, above normal?
Results reporting there are no basophils: below normal, normal, above normal?
PT/INR result of a healthy individual with normal clotting ability?
PT/INR result of a healthy individual with normal clotting ability?
Function of warfarin?
Function of warfarin?
How often would a patient on warfarin have a PT/INR test performed?
How often would a patient on warfarin have a PT/INR test performed?
Problem if the PT/INR blood tube is not filled to the exhaustion of vacuum?
Problem if the PT/INR blood tube is not filled to the exhaustion of vacuum?
When collecting a venous blood specimen to be transported to an outside lab you should refer to the:
When collecting a venous blood specimen to be transported to an outside lab you should refer to the:
Position for a venipuncture with a nervous or someone who has fainted for a venipuncture?
Position for a venipuncture with a nervous or someone who has fainted for a venipuncture?
Venous reflux is prevented by:
Venous reflux is prevented by:
Best antecubital vein to use:
Best antecubital vein to use:
Characteristics of the brachial artery:
Characteristics of the brachial artery:
A tube of blood with no anticoagulant separates into:
A tube of blood with no anticoagulant separates into:
How is serum obtained?
How is serum obtained?
Whole blood is obtained by:
Whole blood is obtained by:
Which of the following represents a violation of OSHA standard?
Which of the following represents a violation of OSHA standard?
Most common gauge needle for venipuncture using vacuum tube method?
Most common gauge needle for venipuncture using vacuum tube method?
Size of evacuated tube you choose to obtain venous blood specimen depends on the:
Size of evacuated tube you choose to obtain venous blood specimen depends on the:
A lavender stopped tube has:
A lavender stopped tube has:
What does an evacuated tube with a red stopper have in it?
What does an evacuated tube with a red stopper have in it?
What stopper tube is used to collect a CBC?
What stopper tube is used to collect a CBC?
All of the following tubes can be used to collect serum except:
All of the following tubes can be used to collect serum except:
What is the order of tubes?
What is the order of tubes?
Study Notes
Microbiology and Pathogens
- Microbiology studies microorganisms and their activities.
- Normal flora refers to microorganisms that reside in the body without causing disease.
- An infection is the invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism.
- Contagious diseases can spread from person to person.
Laboratory Procedures and Specimen Collection
- Sensitivity testing is not used for pathogen identification.
- Gram-stained smears require oil immersion for microscopy.
- Wet mounts are used to examine live microorganisms.
Conditions and Infections
- Boils, wound infections, food poisoning, and abscesses can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Sequelae from streptococcal sore throat may include rheumatic fever.
- Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis.
Blood Chemistry and Glucose Monitoring
- Normal fasting glucose levels range from 70-99 mg/dL; diabetic levels before meals are typically aimed between 80-120 mg/dL.
- A1c testing measures average blood glucose over three months, with recommended levels for diabetics under 7%.
- A BUN test is used to detect kidney disease.
Cholesterol and Lipid Levels
- Cholesterol is a waxy substance necessary for cells and hormone production, primarily manufactured by the liver.
- A total cholesterol reading above 240 mg/dL is considered high.
- Lipoproteins transport cholesterol in blood; LDL carries cholesterol to cells.
Blood Component Analysis
- Hemoglobin functions to transport oxygen, with normal male readings around 16 g/dL.
- Hematocrit indicates blood volume percentages, normal in women is 4-5.5 million RBCs.
- Leukocytosis can be caused by infections like appendicitis or chickenpox, while leukopenia often occurs due to chemotherapy.
Testing and Results Interpretation
- PT/INR results typically range from 0.8-1.2 seconds for individuals with normal clotting.
- The accumulation of fat in arteries is termed atherosclerosis; it is linked to cardiovascular issues.
- Antibodies combine with antigens, which include a range of substances like viruses and allergens.
Venipuncture and Blood Collection
- The median cubital vein is the preferred site for venipuncture due to its accessibility.
- Using a tube with anticoagulant is essential for obtaining whole blood; centrifugation separates serum from clotted blood.
- The most common gauge needle for blood collection is 21 G.
Safety and Regulatory Compliance
- OSHA standards require proper labeling and disposal of needles; reusing needle holders violates these standards.
- Laboratory directories are crucial for guidance on specimen handling when sending samples to external labs.
Important Test Contexts
- Triglyceride tests require fasting for 12 hours prior, while cholesterol levels can indicate coronary artery disease risk.
- Conditions like hyperthyroidism do not typically result in elevated triglyceride levels.
Types of Bacteria and Staining
- Gram-positive bacteria appear purple after staining, and round bacteria in pairs are referred to as diplococci.
- Gram-negative diplococci are responsible for gonorrhea, while spirochetes are responsible for syphilis.
Summary of Key Points
- Clinical lab procedures are critical for accurate diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases.
- Understanding the characteristics of microorganisms, test procedures, and blood components is essential in a clinical setting.
- Familiarity with normal ranges and implications of lab results aids in effective patient management.
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