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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of inflammation?
Response of living tissues to an injury in the form of vascular and cellular reactions to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agents.
Which of the following are roles of inflammation? (Select all that apply)
Which type of inflammation lasts less than 2 weeks?
What term is used for inflammation of the stomach?
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What is the immediate response of living tissue to an injury called?
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The suffix used to indicate inflammation in a specific organ is _____
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Chronic inflammation only occurs following repeated episodes of acute inflammation.
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Which of the following can cause inflammation? (Select all that apply)
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What is hyperemia and how is it related to inflammation?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Definition: A complex response of living tissues to injury involving blood vessels, cellular elements, and chemical mediators.
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Purpose:
- Isolate and eliminate the injurious agent.
- Destroy invading organisms and inactivate toxins.
- Prepare the tissue for healing and repair.
Causes of Inflammation
- Infective agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and their toxins.
- Immunological agents: Cell-mediated and humoral reactions.
- Physical agents: Heat, cold, radiation, and mechanical trauma.
- Chemical agents: Organic and inorganic poisons.
- Inert materials: Foreign bodies.
Types of Inflammation
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Acute inflammation:
- Short duration (less than two weeks).
- Represents the early body reaction.
- Usually followed by healing.
- Fulminant acute inflammation: Severe acute inflammatory response, lasting a few hours (e.g., bee stings).
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Chronic inflammation:
- Persists for a longer duration.
- Occurs after repeated episodes of acute inflammation or from the start.
- Chronic active inflammation: Type of chronic inflammation with acute exacerbations of activity.
- Subacute inflammation: Transition phase between acute and chronic inflammation.
Location of Inflammation
- Inflammation can be focal, multifocal, locally extensive, or diffuse based on the location within the organ.
Nomenclature of Inflammation
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Naming convention: Greek, Latin, or English name of the organ + "itis" suffix.
- Examples: Gastritis (stomach), Orchitis (testis), Glossitis (tongue), Hepatitis (iver), Appendicitis (appendix).
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Exceptions:
- Pneumonia (lung)
- Pleurisy (pleura)
Acute Inflammation
- Definition: Immediate response to injury.
- Objective: To deliver leukocytes and mediators to the site of injury via the bloodstream.
Acute Inflammatory Reaction
- Process: Involves vascular and cellular events, tissue destruction, and chemical mediators.
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Local and systemic reactions:
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Local tissue destruction:
- Maximum at the irritant site, severity dependent.
- Necrosis at the irritant site, degenerative changes in adjacent tissue.
- Release of chemical mediators from necrotic and degenerated tissue which initiate and maintain the inflammatory response.
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Vascular response:
- Transient vasoconstriction: Due to direct stimulation of arteriolar vascular walls, not consistently observed and depends on injury extent.
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Vasodilatation:
- Primarily affects arterioles, venules and capillaries to a lesser extent.
- Triggered by local axon reflex and release of vasodilator substances like histamine.
- Increased arteriolar blood flow (hyperemia), resulting in redness and heat in the inflamed area.
- Progressive vasodilatation increases local hydrostatic pressure.
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Slowing of blood stream: Caused by:
- Vasodilatation.
- Opening of new capillary buds.
- Increased vascular permeability.
- Increased blood viscosity due to fluid exudate formation.
- Swelling and roughness of vascular endothelium.
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Local tissue destruction:
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