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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

  • Binds together and supports other body tissues
  • Protects and insulates internal organs
  • Conducts nerve impulses (correct)
  • Serves as a major transport system within the body

Which type of connective tissue cell is responsible for producing histamine?

  • Mast Cells (correct)
  • Macrophages
  • Fibroblasts
  • Adipocytes

What component of connective tissue serves as a medium for substance exchange and supports cells?

  • Elastic fibers
  • Collagen fibers
  • Reticular fibers
  • Ground substance (correct)

What is the primary role of collagen fibers in connective tissue?

<p>Resist pulling forces and offer strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue cell type is responsible for engulfing material through phagocytosis?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main defect in Marfan syndrome?

<p>Defective gene for the glycoprotein fibrillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue fiber is made of elastin and provides elasticity?

<p>Elastic fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?

<p>Presence of a vascular supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of collagen fibers in connective tissue?

<p>To make the tissue strong (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is known for being the weakest among the three types?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

<p>Fibrocartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in blood tissue?

<p>They transport oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes spongy bone from compact bone?

<p>Spongy bone consists of trabeculae with red bone marrow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is responsible for the maintenance of blood calcium levels during osteoporosis?

<p>Spongy bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily involved in immunity within blood tissue?

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique structural feature of elastic cartilage?

<p>It contains a threadlike network of elastic fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of loose connective tissue is primarily responsible for insulating and serving as an energy reserve?

<p>Adipose Tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

<p>It has collagen fibers arranged in parallel patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Reticular Connective Tissue?

<p>Binding smooth muscle cells and filtering blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is typically found in areas subject to multi-directional pulling forces?

<p>Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component found in cartilage that provides it with elasticity and the ability to withstand stress?

<p>Chondroitin sulfate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type is densely packed with collagen fibers in an irregular pattern and found in the dermis of the skin?

<p>Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is characterized by its ability to regain shape after stretching, due to branching elastic fibers?

<p>Elastic Connective Tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue cell is primarily responsible for producing fibers and the ground substance?

<p>Fibroblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Connective Tissue

Binds, supports, and strengthens body tissues; protects organs, compartmentalizes structures, transports materials, and stores energy; site of immune responses.

Connective Tissue Matrix (Components)

The non-living material that surrounds connective tissue cells, composed of protein fibers and ground substance.

Ground Substance

The part of the matrix that fills the spaces between cells and fibers; secreted by cells, determining tissue quality.

Fibroblasts

Connective tissue cells that secrete fibers and ground substance.

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Collagen Fibers

Strong, flexible fibers in connective tissue, resisting pulling forces; made of collagen protein.

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Elastic Fibers

Smaller, branching fibers that allow for elasticity (stretching and recoiling) in connective tissue; made of elastin protein.

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Marfan Syndrome

Inherited disorder causing abnormal development of elastic fibers, leading to tall stature, long limbs, vision problems, and weakened aorta.

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Connective Tissue Cells: Macrophages

Cells that develop from white blood cells, engulfing and destroying cellular debris by phagocytosis.

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Loose Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with loosely intertwined fibers and abundant cells, providing support and flexibility.

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Areolar Connective Tissue

The most widespread loose connective tissue, containing various cells and all fiber types, providing support and flexibility.

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Adipose Tissue

Specialized loose connective tissue that stores triglycerides for insulation, protection, and energy reserve.

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Reticular Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue with a network of reticular fibers and cells, providing framework for organs and filtering blood.

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Dense Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with densely packed fibers, providing strength and resistance to tension.

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue with parallel bundles of collagen fibers, providing strength in one direction.

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue with randomly arranged collagen fibers, providing strength in multiple directions.

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Elastic Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue with branching elastic fibers, providing elasticity and ability to stretch and recoil.

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Cartilage Cells

Mature cartilage cells are called chondrocytes, which reside in spaces within the cartilage matrix called lacunae.

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Cartilage Types

There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage, each with distinct properties and locations in the body.

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Hyaline Cartilage Function

Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and plays vital roles in cushioning joints, supporting the trachea and nose, and forming the growth plates of long bones.

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Fibrocartilage Location

Fibrocartilage is the strongest type of cartilage and is found in the intervertebral discs, where it provides support and shock absorption between vertebrae.

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Elastic Cartilage Function

Elastic cartilage is the most flexible type, maintaining the shape of structures like the ear and epiglottis while providing elasticity.

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Compact Bone Unit

The basic unit of compact bone is called an osteon, which consists of concentric rings of matrix (lamellae) surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

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Spongy Bone Structure

Spongy bone is characterized by a network of bony struts called trabeculae, which create spaces filled with red bone marrow.

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Blood Tissue Components

Blood tissue is composed of red blood cells (erythrocytes) for oxygen transport, white blood cells (leukocytes) for immune defense, and platelets for blood clotting.

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Study Notes

Connective Tissue Overview

  • Connective tissue binds, supports, and strengthens other tissues.
  • It protects and insulates internal organs.
  • It compartmentalizes structures like skeletal muscle.
  • It's the body's major transport system.
  • It stores energy reserves.
  • It's the primary site of immune responses.

General Features of Connective Tissue

  • Composed of cells and matrix.
  • Matrix is the material between widely spaced cells, consisting of protein fibers and ground substance.
  • Ground substance is the material between the cells and fibers, secreted by the cells, and determines tissue qualities.
  • Connective tissue doesn't occur on free surfaces.
  • It has a nerve supply (except in cartilage and tendons).
  • It's highly vascular (except in cartilage and tendons).

Connective Tissue Cells

  • Fibroblasts: large, flat cells with branching processes that migrate throughout connective tissue and secrete ground substance and fibers.
  • Macrophages: develop from white blood cells; surround and engulf material via phagocytosis.
  • Mast cells: alongside blood vessels that supply connective tissue; produce histamine (a chemical that dilates blood vessels).
  • Adipocytes ("fat cells"): store triglycerides.

Connective Tissue Matrix - Ground Substance

  • Ground substance is a component of connective tissue that is between cells and fibers.
  • It supports cells, binds them together, and provides a medium for substance exchange.
  • Hyaluronic acid is an example of ground substance.

Connective Tissue Matrix - Fibers

  • Collagen fibers strengthen and support connective tissue.
  • They're strong, resist pulling forces, and are flexible.
  • Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body.
  • Elastic fibers are smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branching to form networks.
  • They're made of the protein elastin.
  • Reticular fibers provide support to the walls of blood vessels.
  • They are made of collagen with a glycoprotein covering.

Connective Tissue Types

  • There are six types of connective tissue.
  • Each type differs in their fiber, ground substance, and cell composition.
  • Each type has very specific structure and function.

Loose Connective Tissue

  • Fibers are loosely intertwined among many cells.
  • 3 types:
    • Areolar: one of the most widely distributed connective tissues; contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, various fiber types, and forms the subcutaneous layer.
    • Adipose: cells (adipocytes) specialized to store triglycerides.
    • Reticular: made of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells that connect to form a network; used to bind smooth muscle cells and filter worn-out blood cells and bacteria.

Dense Connective Tissue

  • Contains more, thicker, and denser fibers but fewer cells than loose connective tissue.
  • 3 types:
    • Dense Regular: bundles of collagen fibers arranged regularly, parallel, giving strong structure, withstands pulling at ends, but unravels when pulled from the side
    • Dense Irregular: collagen fibers packed closely together in an irregular, random pattern, found where pulling forces are exerted in various directions.
    • Elastic: contains branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts; yellowish in color; strong; can regain shape after stretching; found in lungs and arteries.

Cartilage

  • Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate (a rubbery component).
  • Can withstand more stress than dense or loose connective tissue.
  • Collagen fibers make the tissue strong, while chondroitin sulfate makes it resilient.
  • Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) are located in lacunae (holes in the matrix).
  • Perichondrium: dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage (but cartilage is avascular and lacks nerve supply).
  • 3 types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic.

Bone Tissue (Osseous Tissue)

  • 2 types: compact and spongy.
  • Compact:
    • Osteon: basic unit of compact bone.
    • Lamellae: concentric circles of matrix.
    • Lacunae: spaces in the matrix that house cells (osteocytes).
  • Spongy:
    • Trabeculae: columns of bone with spaces filled with red bone marrow.

Blood Tissue

  • Connective tissue with a fluid matrix (plasma).
  • Contains red blood cells (erythrocytes) to transport oxygen, white blood cells (leukocytes) with various immune functions, and platelets to participate in blood clotting.

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