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Questions and Answers
Which method is primarily used for separating magnetic ores from non-magnetic materials?
Which method is primarily used for separating magnetic ores from non-magnetic materials?
In the process of chemical leaching, what happens to the powdered ore?
In the process of chemical leaching, what happens to the powdered ore?
What is the main outcome of the calcination process?
What is the main outcome of the calcination process?
Which reducing agent is commonly used for the reduction of ores like zinc and lead?
Which reducing agent is commonly used for the reduction of ores like zinc and lead?
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What is the primary function of roasting in metal extraction?
What is the primary function of roasting in metal extraction?
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Which process is suitable for the extraction of highly reactive metals such as sodium and calcium?
Which process is suitable for the extraction of highly reactive metals such as sodium and calcium?
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During the calcination of hydrated iron(III) oxide, what gas is released?
During the calcination of hydrated iron(III) oxide, what gas is released?
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Which type of ore is suitable for thermal reduction to obtain metals?
Which type of ore is suitable for thermal reduction to obtain metals?
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What is the role of the anode in electrolytic refining?
What is the role of the anode in electrolytic refining?
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Which method is used primarily for refining metals with low melting points?
Which method is used primarily for refining metals with low melting points?
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What occurs during the roasting process of haematite ore?
What occurs during the roasting process of haematite ore?
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In the context of the reduction of haematite ore, which component is NOT mixed with the ore in the blast furnace?
In the context of the reduction of haematite ore, which component is NOT mixed with the ore in the blast furnace?
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Which statement accurately describes the electrolytic refining process?
Which statement accurately describes the electrolytic refining process?
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What is the purpose of using coke during the smelting of haematite ore?
What is the purpose of using coke during the smelting of haematite ore?
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During the liquation process, what remains behind on the furnace hearth?
During the liquation process, what remains behind on the furnace hearth?
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What is the final product obtained after the reduction of haematite ore in a blast furnace?
What is the final product obtained after the reduction of haematite ore in a blast furnace?
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What is the primary purpose of the preliminary treatment of ores in metallurgy?
What is the primary purpose of the preliminary treatment of ores in metallurgy?
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Which method is specifically used for concentrating oxide ores such as haematite?
Which method is specifically used for concentrating oxide ores such as haematite?
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What role does froth play in the froth flotation method?
What role does froth play in the froth flotation method?
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Which chemical process is primarily used for the extraction of metals from their ores by heating in the presence of air?
Which chemical process is primarily used for the extraction of metals from their ores by heating in the presence of air?
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In which process does an electric current facilitate the purifying of metals?
In which process does an electric current facilitate the purifying of metals?
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Which method is typically employed for the extraction of precious metals through a solvent process?
Which method is typically employed for the extraction of precious metals through a solvent process?
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What distinguishes the calcination process in metallurgy?
What distinguishes the calcination process in metallurgy?
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What type of ores is the electromagnetic separation method primarily applied to?
What type of ores is the electromagnetic separation method primarily applied to?
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Study Notes
Metals in Nature
- Metals occur in nature in combined form as ores or in free state
- Oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in Earth's crust.
- Aluminium is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust.
- Iron is the second most abundant metal in Earth's crust.
- Gold, silver, and platinum are found in free state.
Metallurgical Processes
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Ore concentration: Removing impurities in the ore
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Gravity separation: Separates ore based on density differences
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Magnetic separation: Separates magnetic ore from non-magnetic materials
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Froth flotation: Separates sulfide ores using frothing agents
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Leaching: Dissolves metal from ore using suitable chemicals
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Roasting/calcination: Heating the ore to drive off volatiles and change the form
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Reduction: Converting the ore to metal using reducing agents (e.g. carbon monoxide, carbon) or electrolysis
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Refining: Purifying the crude metal to produce a desired purity
Extraction of specific Metals (Fe, Al, Zn)
- Detailed processes for extracting iron from haematite, aluminium from bauxite and zinc from zinc blende are not provided.
Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
- Metals:
- Generally solids at room temperature (except Hg and some others)
- High density
- High melting and boiling points
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Malleable (can be hammered into sheets)
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
- Often have a shiny surface
- Non-Metals:
- Can be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature
- Generally low density
- Low melting and boiling points
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Refining Methods
- Electrolytic refining: Purifying a metal using electrolysis
- Liquation: Refining a low-melting-point metal by melting and separating from impurities
Compounds of Metals (examples: Sodium, Calcium)
- Sodium compounds:
- Common salt (NaCl) - essential for human health
- Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) - baking soda, used in baking
- Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.10H2O) - washing soda, used in cleaning
- Calcium compounds:
- Quick lime (CaO) - used in construction and various industrial processes
- Slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) - used in building, as a neutralizing agent
- Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2H2O) - used in various applications
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