WTO Overview and Key Concepts Quiz

<p>International treaties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There must be no discrimination in trade policies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of a dispute settlement mechanism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no relationship between the WTO and the EU. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in tariffs against certain countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cassis de Dijon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excluding social protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative restrictions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may result in market exclusions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Content of laws, regulations, or acts attributable to Member States (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its funds came directly from the public budget of Great Britain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It had less than 20% alcohol content, which did not meet regulations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent low-alcohol beverages from inducing a tolerance towards alcohol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was still subject to Article 34 TFEU due to public funding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A German company and a Belgian company. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrictions on national regulations that conflict with EU laws. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EU regulations take precedence over national laws in certain cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agreement contributes to improving production or distribution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must not create excessive regulations on trade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A less restrictive alternative must be prioritized if available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If it completely destroys competition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It illustrates the use of intellectual property rights in agreements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collaborative actions that may lessen competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should benefit fairly from the outcomes of agreements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should allow for some competition to remain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-competitive object and effects are alternative conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The precise purpose of the concerted practice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must prevent competition to some appreciable extent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When it is clear that the object is to distort competition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That all anti-competitive practices must have proven effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imported goods will have the same treatment as national goods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intent is irrelevant if the object is to restrict competition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exporting goods below production cost is not allowed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors that establish prevention or restriction must be proven. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A practice where parties coordinate to influence competition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows easy movement of productive structures to other jurisdictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nationalization of infrastructure by the host country. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International arbitration tribunals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investors may need to defend their property rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate resolutions between host nations and investors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investors have more options in different jurisdictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A legal principle that determines whether a national measure is allowed under EU law.

A legal principle that determines whether a national measure is allowed under EU law.

A general formula used to determine whether a national measure is equivalent to a quantitative restriction.

A measure that restricts the free movement of goods within the EU.

A measure with the same effect as a quantitative restriction, meaning it hinders the free movement of goods in the EU.

Treating imported goods the same as domestically produced goods within a national market.

An economic principle that prevents businesses from selling products below their production costs.

The ability to invest money in different jurisdictions, facilitated by global interconnectedness.

The ability to relocate production facilities to different jurisdictions, driven by global interconnectedness.

A legal framework for resolving disputes between a foreign investor and a host country regarding investments.

Special courts dedicated to resolving disputes arising from international investments.

The process of governments using diplomacy to resolve disputes between foreign investors and host countries.

The increased importance and growth of international trade and transactions, requiring legal frameworks to govern commercial relations.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the primary global organization that regulates international trade, ensuring fair and smooth commerce between nations.

The WTO was established in 1995 as a result of the 'Uruguay Round' negotiations, building upon the foundation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

The WTO's primary function is to promote free trade through agreements, minimize trade barriers, and resolve trade disputes between member countries.

The WTO utilizes a system of agreements that cover diverse aspects of international trade, including agriculture, telecommunications, and intellectual property.

The WTO's dispute settlement system provides a mechanism for resolving trade disputes between member countries. It is considered one of the organization's most important features.

The WTO is not a sovereign entity or a state, but rather an intergovernmental organization. It doesn't have the power to create laws on its own.

The WTO's agreements are international treaties, and they bind all member countries to follow their provisions.

The WTO's dispute settlement system can hold member countries accountable for violating their trade obligations, even if it means imposing penalties.

A legal rule that permits certain agreements or practices that would otherwise be prohibited under antitrust laws, if they meet specific conditions.

The agreement or practice must contribute to the production or distribution of goods or promote technical or economic progress.

Consumers must receive a fair share of the benefits resulting from the agreement or practice.

The agreement or practice must not impose restrictions that are not essential for achieving the intended positive effects.

The agreement or practice must not eliminate competition in a significant portion of the relevant market.

A principle that requires choosing the least restrictive option to achieve a desired outcome.

The agreement must not eliminate competition even if it achieves positive outcomes. If the final outcome is the complete destruction of competition,the agreement may still be unlawful.

A legal agreement where the owner of an intellectual property right grants permission to another party to exploit it commercially.

An agreement or coordinated behavior by two or more companies, designed to control or restrict competition within a market.

The stated purpose or aim of a concerted practice. This purpose should be anti-competitive, aiming to restrict, prevent, or distort competition.

The actual consequences of a concerted practice on competition. If the practice leads to reduced competition, restricted market access, or unfair advantages, it has anti-competitive effects.

The legal principle that a concerted practice is illegal under EU competition law if it either has an anti-competitive object or it has anti-competitive effects.

The process of examining the intended purpose and potential consequences of a concerted practice to evaluate its impact on competition.

If a concerted practice's object is to restrict competition, there's no need to further examine its actual effects. It's illegal regardless of its actual outcome.

A measure used to determine if a concerted practice's impact on competition is significant enough to be illegal under EU law.

The EU competition rule that prohibits agreements or coordinated actions between companies that restrict competition within the EU.

Article 34 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) deals with quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect (MEQRs), which are measures that restrict trade between EU member states.

A regulation, law, or act made by a Member State (MS) refers to a legal document that a government creates to control things within their country.

The Apple and Pears Development Council case (222/82) involved a private organization in the UK promoting English apples and pears. Despite being a private organization, the court found that it was subject to Article 34 because it received public funds and had the power to levy charges on growers.

According to the Cassis de Dijon case (120/78), a German law imposing a minimum alcohol content for alcoholic beverages was considered an MEQR (Measure Having Equivalent Effect) because it restricted the sale of a French liquor with lower alcohol content.

Measures having equivalent effect (MEQRs) are any regulations, laws, or practices that restrict trade between EU member states even if they don't directly restrict imports or exports.

The purpose of the minimum alcohol content regulation in the Cassis de Dijon case was to prevent alcohol abuse by limiting the proliferation of low-alcohol beverages, as they may lead to a higher tolerance for alcohol.

The Cassis de Dijon case highlighted how even seemingly neutral regulations, based on good intentions like preventing alcohol abuse, can have the effect of restricting trade between EU members and thus fall under the scope of Article 34 TFEU.

The German government argued that their regulation was justified to protect public health and prevent alcohol abuse. This demonstrates how the principle of proportionality comes into play when assessing the legality of national regulations under Article 34.