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Questions and Answers
What characteristic property of solids allows them to have a definite shape and volume?
What characteristic property of solids allows them to have a definite shape and volume?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of solids?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of solids?
What type of solids are characterized by an orderly arrangement of constituent particles?
What type of solids are characterized by an orderly arrangement of constituent particles?
Which of the following pairs represents examples of crystalline and amorphous solids respectively?
Which of the following pairs represents examples of crystalline and amorphous solids respectively?
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What is the melting point behavior of crystalline solids?
What is the melting point behavior of crystalline solids?
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Which property refers to the directional dependence of physical properties in a crystalline solid?
Which property refers to the directional dependence of physical properties in a crystalline solid?
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What happens to the surface of a crystalline solid when cleaved with a knife?
What happens to the surface of a crystalline solid when cleaved with a knife?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the density of solids?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the density of solids?
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Which property is characteristic of ionic solids?
Which property is characteristic of ionic solids?
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What role do free moving electrons play in metallic crystals?
What role do free moving electrons play in metallic crystals?
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Which of the following correctly describes molecular crystals?
Which of the following correctly describes molecular crystals?
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What is a key feature of covalent network crystals?
What is a key feature of covalent network crystals?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of metallic solids?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of metallic solids?
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How does the electron sea theory explain the strength of metallic bonding?
How does the electron sea theory explain the strength of metallic bonding?
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Which of the following properties of ionic crystals results in them being soluble in water?
Which of the following properties of ionic crystals results in them being soluble in water?
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Which feature differentiates covalent network solids from molecular solids?
Which feature differentiates covalent network solids from molecular solids?
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Study Notes
Definition of Solid
- Solids are a form of matter characterized by rigidity, possessing a definite shape and volume.
- Constituent particles can only vibrate around fixed positions, leading to a rigid structure.
General Characteristics of Solids
- Solids exhibit strong intermolecular forces and short internuclear distances due to close packing of particles.
- Particles in solids do not undergo translational motion but oscillate around mean positions.
- Key properties include:
- Definite shape, mass, and volume.
- Rigid and incompressible nature.
- High density compared to liquids and gases.
Types of Solids
- Crystalline Solids: Includes metals, nonmetals, and compounds with a regular geometric arrangement.
- Amorphous Solids: Examples include rubber, glass, and certain polymers; lack a defined geometric structure.
Main Properties of Solids
- Arrangement of Particles: Crystalline solids have particles (ions, molecules, or atoms) arranged in a three-dimensional geometric pattern.
- Melting Point: Characteristic of crystalline solids.
- Anisotropy: Crystalline solids exhibit different properties (like electrical conductance) based on direction.
- Clean Cleavage: Crystalline solids break cleanly when cleaved with a knife, unlike amorphous solids which break irregularly.
Crystalline Solids
- True solids with orderly arrangement of particles.
- Common examples include NaCl (rock salt), sucrose (sugar), diamond, and quartz.
Classification of Crystalline Solids
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Ionic Solids
- Brittle due to the rigid lattice structure held by attractions between oppositely charged ions.
- High melting points and soluble in water.
- Conduct electricity only in liquid state or solution.
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Metallic Solids
- Characterized by closely packed atoms held by electrostatic interactions and free-moving electrons.
- Electrons move freely around positively charged metal nuclei (Electron Sea Theory).
- Exhibits properties like low ionization energy, malleability, variable melting points, hardness, and electrical conductivity due to delocalized electrons.
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Molecular Solids
- Characterized by low melting points and little hardness due to weak intermolecular interactions.
- Non-conductive as they are composed of neutral molecules.
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Covalent Network Crystals
- Atoms are bonded in an extensive covalent structure, forming a large interwoven network.
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