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Questions and Answers
What characteristic property of solids allows them to have a definite shape and volume?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of solids?
What type of solids are characterized by an orderly arrangement of constituent particles?
Which of the following pairs represents examples of crystalline and amorphous solids respectively?
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What is the melting point behavior of crystalline solids?
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Which property refers to the directional dependence of physical properties in a crystalline solid?
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What happens to the surface of a crystalline solid when cleaved with a knife?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the density of solids?
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Which property is characteristic of ionic solids?
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What role do free moving electrons play in metallic crystals?
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Which of the following correctly describes molecular crystals?
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What is a key feature of covalent network crystals?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of metallic solids?
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How does the electron sea theory explain the strength of metallic bonding?
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Which of the following properties of ionic crystals results in them being soluble in water?
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Which feature differentiates covalent network solids from molecular solids?
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Study Notes
Definition of Solid
- Solids are a form of matter characterized by rigidity, possessing a definite shape and volume.
- Constituent particles can only vibrate around fixed positions, leading to a rigid structure.
General Characteristics of Solids
- Solids exhibit strong intermolecular forces and short internuclear distances due to close packing of particles.
- Particles in solids do not undergo translational motion but oscillate around mean positions.
- Key properties include:
- Definite shape, mass, and volume.
- Rigid and incompressible nature.
- High density compared to liquids and gases.
Types of Solids
- Crystalline Solids: Includes metals, nonmetals, and compounds with a regular geometric arrangement.
- Amorphous Solids: Examples include rubber, glass, and certain polymers; lack a defined geometric structure.
Main Properties of Solids
- Arrangement of Particles: Crystalline solids have particles (ions, molecules, or atoms) arranged in a three-dimensional geometric pattern.
- Melting Point: Characteristic of crystalline solids.
- Anisotropy: Crystalline solids exhibit different properties (like electrical conductance) based on direction.
- Clean Cleavage: Crystalline solids break cleanly when cleaved with a knife, unlike amorphous solids which break irregularly.
Crystalline Solids
- True solids with orderly arrangement of particles.
- Common examples include NaCl (rock salt), sucrose (sugar), diamond, and quartz.
Classification of Crystalline Solids
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Ionic Solids
- Brittle due to the rigid lattice structure held by attractions between oppositely charged ions.
- High melting points and soluble in water.
- Conduct electricity only in liquid state or solution.
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Metallic Solids
- Characterized by closely packed atoms held by electrostatic interactions and free-moving electrons.
- Electrons move freely around positively charged metal nuclei (Electron Sea Theory).
- Exhibits properties like low ionization energy, malleability, variable melting points, hardness, and electrical conductivity due to delocalized electrons.
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Molecular Solids
- Characterized by low melting points and little hardness due to weak intermolecular interactions.
- Non-conductive as they are composed of neutral molecules.
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Covalent Network Crystals
- Atoms are bonded in an extensive covalent structure, forming a large interwoven network.
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