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Questions and Answers

What characteristic property of solids allows them to have a definite shape and volume?

Flexibility
Low density
Strong intermolecular forces (correct)
High temperature stability

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of solids?

Incompressibility
Rigid structure
Translational motion of particles (correct)
Definite mass

What type of solids are characterized by an orderly arrangement of constituent particles?

Heterogeneous solids
Crystalline solids (correct)
Amorphous solids
Homogeneous solids

Which of the following pairs represents examples of crystalline and amorphous solids respectively?

Quartz and glass (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the melting point behavior of crystalline solids?

They have a definite and sharp melting point (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which property refers to the directional dependence of physical properties in a crystalline solid?

Anisotropy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface of a crystalline solid when cleaved with a knife?

Generates a clean and smooth surface (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the density of solids?

Solids are generally high in density (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which property is characteristic of ionic solids?

Brittle structure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do free moving electrons play in metallic crystals?

They allow the metallic structure to be malleable. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes molecular crystals?

Low melting points resulting from intermolecular interactions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of covalent network crystals?

They exhibit an interwoven network of covalent bonds. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of metallic solids?

Electrical non-conductivity (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the electron sea theory explain the strength of metallic bonding?

It describes electrons as being delocalized around positively charged ions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of ionic crystals results in them being soluble in water?

Attraction between charged ions and polar water molecules (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature differentiates covalent network solids from molecular solids?

Covalent network solids form extensive interconnected networks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition of Solid

Solids are a form of matter characterized by rigidity, possessing a definite shape and volume.
Constituent particles can only vibrate around fixed positions, leading to a rigid structure.

General Characteristics of Solids

Solids exhibit strong intermolecular forces and short internuclear distances due to close packing of particles.
Particles in solids do not undergo translational motion but oscillate around mean positions.
Key properties include:
- Definite shape, mass, and volume.
- Rigid and incompressible nature.
- High density compared to liquids and gases.

Types of Solids

Crystalline Solids: Includes metals, nonmetals, and compounds with a regular geometric arrangement.
Amorphous Solids: Examples include rubber, glass, and certain polymers; lack a defined geometric structure.

Main Properties of Solids

Arrangement of Particles: Crystalline solids have particles (ions, molecules, or atoms) arranged in a three-dimensional geometric pattern.
Melting Point: Characteristic of crystalline solids.
Anisotropy: Crystalline solids exhibit different properties (like electrical conductance) based on direction.
Clean Cleavage: Crystalline solids break cleanly when cleaved with a knife, unlike amorphous solids which break irregularly.

Crystalline Solids

True solids with orderly arrangement of particles.
Common examples include NaCl (rock salt), sucrose (sugar), diamond, and quartz.

Classification of Crystalline Solids

Ionic Solids
- Brittle due to the rigid lattice structure held by attractions between oppositely charged ions.
- High melting points and soluble in water.
- Conduct electricity only in liquid state or solution.
Metallic Solids
- Characterized by closely packed atoms held by electrostatic interactions and free-moving electrons.
- Electrons move freely around positively charged metal nuclei (Electron Sea Theory).
- Exhibits properties like low ionization energy, malleability, variable melting points, hardness, and electrical conductivity due to delocalized electrons.
Molecular Solids
- Characterized by low melting points and little hardness due to weak intermolecular interactions.
- Non-conductive as they are composed of neutral molecules.
Covalent Network Crystals
- Atoms are bonded in an extensive covalent structure, forming a large interwoven network.