Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary rationale for Congress's approval of the Selective Service Act in 1917?
What was the primary rationale for Congress's approval of the Selective Service Act in 1917?
- To avoid public unrest similar to that during the Civil War (correct)
- To establish an equitable draft system (correct)
- To raise funds for the military through bonuses
- To ensure only physically fit individuals were enlisted
What percentage of the men examined for military service were rejected or discharged due to defects?
What percentage of the men examined for military service were rejected or discharged due to defects?
- 34% (correct)
- 30%
- 40%
- 25%
What method was used to assess the intelligence of recruits who could read?
What method was used to assess the intelligence of recruits who could read?
- Cognitive skills evaluation
- Psychological assessment
- Army Alpha test (correct)
- Army Beta test
Who developed and analyzed the intelligence tests used for military recruits?
Who developed and analyzed the intelligence tests used for military recruits?
What was the primary reason behind the segregation of Black American soldiers in the army?
What was the primary reason behind the segregation of Black American soldiers in the army?
Which organization played a significant role in providing recreational activities for soldiers during the war?
Which organization played a significant role in providing recreational activities for soldiers during the war?
What critical misconception was later recognized about the intelligence test results of recruits?
What critical misconception was later recognized about the intelligence test results of recruits?
What opportunity did military service present to Black leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois during the war?
What opportunity did military service present to Black leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois during the war?
How did the experiences of Black soldiers in Europe differ from their service in the U.S. military?
How did the experiences of Black soldiers in Europe differ from their service in the U.S. military?
What role did women play during the war in relation to military organizations?
What role did women play during the war in relation to military organizations?
What social control method was implemented by the U.S. government for enlisted soldiers?
What social control method was implemented by the U.S. government for enlisted soldiers?
What event directly prompted Austria to declare war on Serbia?
What event directly prompted Austria to declare war on Serbia?
What was the main consequence of Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality?
What was the main consequence of Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality?
What was a significant transition authorized by military leaders for women during the war?
What was a significant transition authorized by military leaders for women during the war?
What was the age range initially required for registration under the Selective Service Act?
What was the age range initially required for registration under the Selective Service Act?
What was the primary reason for President Wilson's approval of commercial credit loans to combatants?
What was the primary reason for President Wilson's approval of commercial credit loans to combatants?
What strategy did German military leaders use to attempt a rapid victory over France?
What strategy did German military leaders use to attempt a rapid victory over France?
What impact did the sinking of the RMS Lusitania have on American public opinion?
What impact did the sinking of the RMS Lusitania have on American public opinion?
How did the United States differ from European powers regarding military preparedness?
How did the United States differ from European powers regarding military preparedness?
What was the intention behind the German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann's proposal regarding Mexico?
What was the intention behind the German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann's proposal regarding Mexico?
Why did the United States face challenges in mobilizing its military for the war?
Why did the United States face challenges in mobilizing its military for the war?
What was the consequence of unrestricted submarine warfare implemented by Germany?
What was the consequence of unrestricted submarine warfare implemented by Germany?
What was one significant economic factor contributing to the United States' entry into the war?
What was one significant economic factor contributing to the United States' entry into the war?
What did President Wilson fear would occur if Germany achieved a quick victory?
What did President Wilson fear would occur if Germany achieved a quick victory?
What was one of the major flaws in the U.S. military strategy compared to European powers during World War I?
What was one of the major flaws in the U.S. military strategy compared to European powers during World War I?
What strategy did Great Britain employ to combat the German navy?
What strategy did Great Britain employ to combat the German navy?
What motivated Tsar Nicholas II's concern about Austro-Hungarian expansion?
What motivated Tsar Nicholas II's concern about Austro-Hungarian expansion?
What action did the United States take toward its military during the 1880s?
What action did the United States take toward its military during the 1880s?
Which recommendation did President George Washington make regarding foreign affairs?
Which recommendation did President George Washington make regarding foreign affairs?
What characterized the American military's capabilities before World War I?
What characterized the American military's capabilities before World War I?
What was the main purpose of the National Defense Act of 1916?
What was the main purpose of the National Defense Act of 1916?
Which event triggered the United States' involvement in military action in Mexico in 1914?
Which event triggered the United States' involvement in military action in Mexico in 1914?
What was the outcome of the American military intervention in Veracruz in 1914?
What was the outcome of the American military intervention in Veracruz in 1914?
Which technologies were important in the pursuit of Pancho Villa?
Which technologies were important in the pursuit of Pancho Villa?
Why did President Wilson declare American neutrality at the outbreak of World War I?
Why did President Wilson declare American neutrality at the outbreak of World War I?
What was a significant consequence of American neutrality during the early years of World War I?
What was a significant consequence of American neutrality during the early years of World War I?
How did the United States Congress react to the necessity for a modern military by the 20th century?
How did the United States Congress react to the necessity for a modern military by the 20th century?
What issue complicated the role of the American military during the early 1900s?
What issue complicated the role of the American military during the early 1900s?
What was a significant factor leading to the escalation of tensions between the U.S. and Mexico during the Wilson administration?
What was a significant factor leading to the escalation of tensions between the U.S. and Mexico during the Wilson administration?
What was the primary role of army women known as Hello Girls during the war?
What was the primary role of army women known as Hello Girls during the war?
What was a notable characteristic of the service of female nurses and doctors in the military?
What was a notable characteristic of the service of female nurses and doctors in the military?
What significant barrier did Black women face in their military service during the war?
What significant barrier did Black women face in their military service during the war?
Which organization did many women volunteer for during the war effort?
Which organization did many women volunteer for during the war effort?
Which of the following actions did the Creel Committee focus on?
Which of the following actions did the Creel Committee focus on?
What effect did Jim Crow segregation have on Black women wishing to participate in the war effort?
What effect did Jim Crow segregation have on Black women wishing to participate in the war effort?
What was the primary purpose of the Liberty Loan Drive during the war?
What was the primary purpose of the Liberty Loan Drive during the war?
How did American public sentiment towards the war change by 1916?
How did American public sentiment towards the war change by 1916?
Which legislation did President Wilson sign to curb dissent during the war?
Which legislation did President Wilson sign to curb dissent during the war?
What was a major challenge faced by the Allies before the U.S. entered the war?
What was a major challenge faced by the Allies before the U.S. entered the war?
When did women first join the Marine Corps?
When did women first join the Marine Corps?
During the war, how did women contribute in communal organizations?
During the war, how did women contribute in communal organizations?
Which group faced significant discrimination in civilian wartime organizations?
Which group faced significant discrimination in civilian wartime organizations?
How did the perception of America’s role change as the war progressed?
How did the perception of America’s role change as the war progressed?
What major outcome did World War I have on the United States?
What major outcome did World War I have on the United States?
Which figure overshadowed the prior diplomatic efforts of Germany in the late 19th century?
Which figure overshadowed the prior diplomatic efforts of Germany in the late 19th century?
What was one of the primary motivations for Wilhelm II in building a German navy?
What was one of the primary motivations for Wilhelm II in building a German navy?
What alliance was formed in response to the threat posed by the German Empire?
What alliance was formed in response to the threat posed by the German Empire?
Which nation was initially uninterested in colonial expansion despite the rising tensions?
Which nation was initially uninterested in colonial expansion despite the rising tensions?
How did World War I affect American progressivism?
How did World War I affect American progressivism?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of World War I?
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of World War I?
Why was Britain prompted to enter alliances with Russia and France?
Why was Britain prompted to enter alliances with Russia and France?
What event in July 1917 significantly impacted German war plans?
What event in July 1917 significantly impacted German war plans?
What was the primary outcome of the Kaiserschlacht (Spring Offensive) launched by Germany in March 1918?
What was the primary outcome of the Kaiserschlacht (Spring Offensive) launched by Germany in March 1918?
How did the American Expeditionary Forces contribute to the war effort in August 1918?
How did the American Expeditionary Forces contribute to the war effort in August 1918?
What did German general Erich Ludendorff mean by calling August 8, 1918, the 'black day of the German army'?
What did German general Erich Ludendorff mean by calling August 8, 1918, the 'black day of the German army'?
What was a major consequence of Russia exiting the war?
What was a major consequence of Russia exiting the war?
Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic during World War I is true?
Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic during World War I is true?
What characterized the second wave of the influenza virus that emerged in 1918?
What characterized the second wave of the influenza virus that emerged in 1918?
What was President Wilson's aim with the Fourteen Points presented in January 1918?
What was President Wilson's aim with the Fourteen Points presented in January 1918?
Which nations were significantly affected by the losses from World War I?
Which nations were significantly affected by the losses from World War I?
What was one of the immediate effects of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II?
What was one of the immediate effects of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II?
Which notable event took place on November 11, 1918?
Which notable event took place on November 11, 1918?
What was the 'Spanish Influenza' misnamed?
What was the 'Spanish Influenza' misnamed?
What prompted Allied forces to occupy territories in the Rhineland?
What prompted Allied forces to occupy territories in the Rhineland?
What did Wilson aim to achieve during his trip overseas in December 1918?
What did Wilson aim to achieve during his trip overseas in December 1918?
What was the main purpose of the League of Nations as envisioned by President Wilson?
What was the main purpose of the League of Nations as envisioned by President Wilson?
Which statement best describes the attitudes of America's closest allies towards the League of Nations?
Which statement best describes the attitudes of America's closest allies towards the League of Nations?
What did Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge criticize about the League of Nations?
What did Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge criticize about the League of Nations?
What was the outcome of President Wilson's efforts to promote the League of Nations to the American public?
What was the outcome of President Wilson's efforts to promote the League of Nations to the American public?
What did the King-Crane Commission discover about the inhabitants of the former Ottoman Empire?
What did the King-Crane Commission discover about the inhabitants of the former Ottoman Empire?
Which nations were assigned mandates in the Middle East after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire?
Which nations were assigned mandates in the Middle East after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire?
Why did President Wilson's dream for the League of Nations ultimately fail?
Why did President Wilson's dream for the League of Nations ultimately fail?
What characterized the mandate system established after World War I?
What characterized the mandate system established after World War I?
What did President Wilson refer to as an 'imperfect peace'?
What did President Wilson refer to as an 'imperfect peace'?
What was a significant concern for Americans during the post-World War I era?
What was a significant concern for Americans during the post-World War I era?
What was one consequence of the U.S. refusal to join the League of Nations?
What was one consequence of the U.S. refusal to join the League of Nations?
How did Britain and France behave towards the mandates of the former Ottoman Empire?
How did Britain and France behave towards the mandates of the former Ottoman Empire?
What was the primary outcome for the Ottoman Empire after World War I?
What was the primary outcome for the Ottoman Empire after World War I?
What role did the Treaty of Sèvres play in the Middle East following World War I?
What role did the Treaty of Sèvres play in the Middle East following World War I?
What was a significant consequence of the Great Migration during World War I?
What was a significant consequence of the Great Migration during World War I?
What was W.E.B. Du Bois's message to returning Black soldiers after World War I?
What was W.E.B. Du Bois's message to returning Black soldiers after World War I?
What characterized the riots during the Red Summer of 1919?
What characterized the riots during the Red Summer of 1919?
James Weldon Johnson observed that increased outrage against Black Americans would lead to what?
James Weldon Johnson observed that increased outrage against Black Americans would lead to what?
What was the American public's general attitude towards radicalism and dissent after World War I?
What was the American public's general attitude towards radicalism and dissent after World War I?
What ultimately represented a significant shift for Black communities during the Red Summer of 1919?
What ultimately represented a significant shift for Black communities during the Red Summer of 1919?
What role did wartime production play in the racial tensions experienced during the Red Summer?
What role did wartime production play in the racial tensions experienced during the Red Summer?
What was one effect of the Bolshevik Revolution on post-war America?
What was one effect of the Bolshevik Revolution on post-war America?
In what way did the 1918 influenza pandemic impact the experiences of Native Americans?
In what way did the 1918 influenza pandemic impact the experiences of Native Americans?
What did Woodrow Wilson envision for the future after World War I?
What did Woodrow Wilson envision for the future after World War I?
How did the Chicago Riot of 1919 stand out among the racial conflicts of that summer?
How did the Chicago Riot of 1919 stand out among the racial conflicts of that summer?
What was one key factor that fueled the racial conflicts during the Red Summer?
What was one key factor that fueled the racial conflicts during the Red Summer?
How did the post-World War I environment contribute to the eventual global depression?
How did the post-World War I environment contribute to the eventual global depression?
What was the expected timeline for Philippine independence supported by American legislators after World War I?
What was the expected timeline for Philippine independence supported by American legislators after World War I?
What was a notable literary contribution during the war by Alan Seeger?
What was a notable literary contribution during the war by Alan Seeger?
What event is considered to be a major catalyst for the start of World War I?
What event is considered to be a major catalyst for the start of World War I?
What was the name of the alliance formed between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the early twentieth century?
What was the name of the alliance formed between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the early twentieth century?
What was the main strategic interest of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that contributed to pre-war tensions?
What was the main strategic interest of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that contributed to pre-war tensions?
What action by Wilhelm II was viewed as a strategic threat by the British?
What action by Wilhelm II was viewed as a strategic threat by the British?
Which countries were part of the defensive alliance formed in 1892 in response to German posturing?
Which countries were part of the defensive alliance formed in 1892 in response to German posturing?
What was Wilhelm II's primary motivation for expanding Germany's navy and seeking colonies?
What was Wilhelm II's primary motivation for expanding Germany's navy and seeking colonies?
What role did the Ottoman Empire play in the prelude to World War I?
What role did the Ottoman Empire play in the prelude to World War I?
What long-term impact did World War I have on global politics and international relations?
What long-term impact did World War I have on global politics and international relations?
What territories did the Austro-Hungarian Empire control by 1914, leading to conflict with Slavic Serbia?
What territories did the Austro-Hungarian Empire control by 1914, leading to conflict with Slavic Serbia?
What advice from George Washington influenced American attitudes toward international affairs before World War I?
What advice from George Washington influenced American attitudes toward international affairs before World War I?
What limited the diplomatic tools available to the U.S. government for engaging in international struggles for world power?
What limited the diplomatic tools available to the U.S. government for engaging in international struggles for world power?
What congressional action in the 1880s showed a shift in military focus and a move toward global presence?
What congressional action in the 1880s showed a shift in military focus and a move toward global presence?
Name one new technology emerging around the turn of the century that challenged the U.S. Army and Navy's capabilities.
Name one new technology emerging around the turn of the century that challenged the U.S. Army and Navy's capabilities.
What was the intended function of the National Guard and military reserves, as inaugurated by the Davis Act of 1908 and the National Defense Act of 1916?
What was the intended function of the National Guard and military reserves, as inaugurated by the Davis Act of 1908 and the National Defense Act of 1916?
What event instigated Woodrow Wilson to send Marines to Veracruz, Mexico, in 1914?
What event instigated Woodrow Wilson to send Marines to Veracruz, Mexico, in 1914?
What prompted the passage of the Naval Act of 1916?
What prompted the passage of the Naval Act of 1916?
What action by Pancho Villa incited the U.S. government to send troops into Mexico in 1916?
What action by Pancho Villa incited the U.S. government to send troops into Mexico in 1916?
Name one of the technologies used by General Pershing's army in their pursuit of Pancho Villa.
Name one of the technologies used by General Pershing's army in their pursuit of Pancho Villa.
What was President Wilson's initial response to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914?
What was President Wilson's initial response to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914?
What was the Plan of San Luis Potosà and who created it?
What was the Plan of San Luis Potosà and who created it?
What did the American raid of Veracruz emphasize about the American Military?
What did the American raid of Veracruz emphasize about the American Military?
What was the primary reason that the conflict between the United States and Mexico didn't escalate into full-scale war?
What was the primary reason that the conflict between the United States and Mexico didn't escalate into full-scale war?
What action was taken by vengeful nationalist leaders in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
What action was taken by vengeful nationalist leaders in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
What principle has the organized labor movement always fundamentally opposed?
What principle has the organized labor movement always fundamentally opposed?
What previous system of military recruitment was avoided by the Selective Service Act of 1917?
What previous system of military recruitment was avoided by the Selective Service Act of 1917?
What was the main physical requirement for service under the conscription act?
What was the main physical requirement for service under the conscription act?
What was the name of the report that summarized findings from draft records in 1919 regarding the health of American men?
What was the name of the report that summarized findings from draft records in 1919 regarding the health of American men?
Besides literacy, what other factor determined which intelligence test (Army Alpha or Army Beta) a recruit would take?
Besides literacy, what other factor determined which intelligence test (Army Alpha or Army Beta) a recruit would take?
What field of study was Robert M. Yerkes president of?
What field of study was Robert M. Yerkes president of?
According to Robert M. Yerkes, how did the test results of recent immigrants compare to those of native-born recruits?
According to Robert M. Yerkes, how did the test results of recent immigrants compare to those of native-born recruits?
What was one reason the army hesitated to accept immigrants between 1917 and 1918?
What was one reason the army hesitated to accept immigrants between 1917 and 1918?
How did prevailing racial attitudes affect the assignment of soldiers to units during WWI?
How did prevailing racial attitudes affect the assignment of soldiers to units during WWI?
What did many Black American leaders hope to demonstrate through military service?
What did many Black American leaders hope to demonstrate through military service?
What type of service were Black soldiers primarily relegated to?
What type of service were Black soldiers primarily relegated to?
What potential impact of Black soldiers' experiences in Europe did the army seek to mitigate?
What potential impact of Black soldiers' experiences in Europe did the army seek to mitigate?
What was the impact of the commercial credit loans approved by President Wilson to the combatants?
What was the impact of the commercial credit loans approved by President Wilson to the combatants?
What was the purpose of the War Department's program of schools, sightseeing tours, and recreational facilities?
What was the purpose of the War Department's program of schools, sightseeing tours, and recreational facilities?
What advantage did the U.S. possess over European nations by 1914 related to global power?
What advantage did the U.S. possess over European nations by 1914 related to global power?
Who typically led the civilian wartime organizations whose volunteer workforces consisted of mostly women?
Who typically led the civilian wartime organizations whose volunteer workforces consisted of mostly women?
How did administrative occupations in the War and Navy Departments change due to women's involvement?
How did administrative occupations in the War and Navy Departments change due to women's involvement?
What was the Schlieffen Plan, and why is it significant?
What was the Schlieffen Plan, and why is it significant?
What was the Zimmermann Telegram, and how did it influence American involvement in World War I?
What was the Zimmermann Telegram, and how did it influence American involvement in World War I?
In what ways was the U.S. military unprepared for World War I?
In what ways was the U.S. military unprepared for World War I?
What was the key argument made by Samuel Gompers regarding military service during World War I?
What was the key argument made by Samuel Gompers regarding military service during World War I?
What was the impact of British naval blockades on American businesses?
What was the impact of British naval blockades on American businesses?
What was the consequence of Austria's list of ultimatums to Serbia?
What was the consequence of Austria's list of ultimatums to Serbia?
How did the collapse of the Tsarist regime in Russia impact Germany's military prospects?
How did the collapse of the Tsarist regime in Russia impact Germany's military prospects?
What traditional American diplomatic practice did the text mention the U.S. avoided?
What traditional American diplomatic practice did the text mention the U.S. avoided?
What was the state of American public opinion towards the war prior to the Zimmermann telegram and renewed submarine warfare?
What was the state of American public opinion towards the war prior to the Zimmermann telegram and renewed submarine warfare?
Why did Germany employ unrestricted submarine warfare?
Why did Germany employ unrestricted submarine warfare?
What specific event triggered Great Britain's entry into World War I?
What specific event triggered Great Britain's entry into World War I?
What was the primary goal of Germany's military strategy at the start of World War I, and how did it influence their actions?
What was the primary goal of Germany's military strategy at the start of World War I, and how did it influence their actions?
What was the impact on U.S. businesses of the mutually declared blockades between Germany, Great Britain, and France?
What was the impact on U.S. businesses of the mutually declared blockades between Germany, Great Britain, and France?
What was the primary function of women known as 'Hello Girls' during the war?
What was the primary function of women known as 'Hello Girls' during the war?
Approximately how many nurses served in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps during the war?
Approximately how many nurses served in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps during the war?
What was a significant impact of the Jim Crow segregation laws on Black women during the war?
What was a significant impact of the Jim Crow segregation laws on Black women during the war?
What types of volunteer activities did women engage in during the war?
What types of volunteer activities did women engage in during the war?
Which organizations did women commonly volunteer for during the war effort?
Which organizations did women commonly volunteer for during the war effort?
What was the purpose of the Creel Committee established by President Wilson?
What was the purpose of the Creel Committee established by President Wilson?
What was one of the main challenges faced by the Allies before the United States entered the war?
What was one of the main challenges faced by the Allies before the United States entered the war?
What role did the federal government play in shaping American public opinion during the war?
What role did the federal government play in shaping American public opinion during the war?
How did Black women circumvent military discrimination during the war?
How did Black women circumvent military discrimination during the war?
What legal acts did President Wilson sign to suppress dissent during World War I?
What legal acts did President Wilson sign to suppress dissent during World War I?
What economic activity did many Americans engage in to support the war effort?
What economic activity did many Americans engage in to support the war effort?
Why were female nurses and physicians in the military not considered commissioned officers?
Why were female nurses and physicians in the military not considered commissioned officers?
What was a consequence of the rapid addition of American naval escorts during the war?
What was a consequence of the rapid addition of American naval escorts during the war?
What historic event in July 1918 marked the involvement of women in the Marine Corps?
What historic event in July 1918 marked the involvement of women in the Marine Corps?
What significant event in 1919 highlighted racial tensions in the United States?
What significant event in 1919 highlighted racial tensions in the United States?
How did the experiences of Black soldiers during World War I influence their communities postwar?
How did the experiences of Black soldiers during World War I influence their communities postwar?
What was the primary reaction of white Americans to the Black resistance during the Red Summer riots?
What was the primary reaction of white Americans to the Black resistance during the Red Summer riots?
Who boldly proclaimed, 'We return fighting!' after World War I?
Who boldly proclaimed, 'We return fighting!' after World War I?
What economic conditions led to the Great Migration of Black Americans to northern cities?
What economic conditions led to the Great Migration of Black Americans to northern cities?
What was one consequence of the Chicago Riot during the Red Summer?
What was one consequence of the Chicago Riot during the Red Summer?
What event marked the collapse of the tsarist regime in Russia?
What event marked the collapse of the tsarist regime in Russia?
How did the Bolshevik Revolution relate to post-World War I changes in the United States?
How did the Bolshevik Revolution relate to post-World War I changes in the United States?
What was the significance of the Kaiserschlacht launched by Germany in March 1918?
What was the significance of the Kaiserschlacht launched by Germany in March 1918?
What impact did World War I have on America's global position?
What impact did World War I have on America's global position?
What did James Weldon Johnson imply about Black resistance to racial violence?
What did James Weldon Johnson imply about Black resistance to racial violence?
How did the arrival of American forces impact the situation for Germany in 1918?
How did the arrival of American forces impact the situation for Germany in 1918?
How did American attitudes toward radicalism change after World War I?
How did American attitudes toward radicalism change after World War I?
What was the estimated death toll from the influenza pandemic during World War I?
What was the estimated death toll from the influenza pandemic during World War I?
What societal pressures did returning Black veterans face after World War I?
What societal pressures did returning Black veterans face after World War I?
What was President Wilson's vision for lasting peace encapsulated in his Fourteen Points?
What was President Wilson's vision for lasting peace encapsulated in his Fourteen Points?
What role did the Great Migration play in shaping racial dynamics in the U.S. during the postwar period?
What role did the Great Migration play in shaping racial dynamics in the U.S. during the postwar period?
How did the Spanish Influenza specifically affect soldiers during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive?
How did the Spanish Influenza specifically affect soldiers during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive?
What did the phrase 'make way for Democracy!' signify for the Black veterans returning home?
What did the phrase 'make way for Democracy!' signify for the Black veterans returning home?
What role did President Wilson's visit to Europe play in shaping the post-war settlement?
What role did President Wilson's visit to Europe play in shaping the post-war settlement?
What was President Wilson's main goal in establishing the League of Nations?
What was President Wilson's main goal in establishing the League of Nations?
What were the main consequences for Germany following the armistice on November 11, 1918?
What were the main consequences for Germany following the armistice on November 11, 1918?
How did the Allied leaders' views on the League of Nations differ from Wilson's?
How did the Allied leaders' views on the League of Nations differ from Wilson's?
What was unique about the strain of influenza that emerged in 1918 compared to previous outbreaks?
What was unique about the strain of influenza that emerged in 1918 compared to previous outbreaks?
What major challenge did Wilson face when trying to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
What major challenge did Wilson face when trying to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
What was the outcome of Wilson's efforts to promote the League of Nations in America?
What was the outcome of Wilson's efforts to promote the League of Nations in America?
How did the disintegration of empires shape post-World War I Europe?
How did the disintegration of empires shape post-World War I Europe?
How did the post-World War I landscape affect the Ottoman Empire?
How did the post-World War I landscape affect the Ottoman Empire?
What were the primary reasons for the Allies' dismissal of Wilson's Fourteen Points initially?
What were the primary reasons for the Allies' dismissal of Wilson's Fourteen Points initially?
What did the King-Crane Commission conclude about the people previously under Ottoman rule?
What did the King-Crane Commission conclude about the people previously under Ottoman rule?
What was the impact of the influenza pandemic on American soldiers compared to battle injuries?
What was the impact of the influenza pandemic on American soldiers compared to battle injuries?
What significant fears arose in America due to events in Russia following World War I?
What significant fears arose in America due to events in Russia following World War I?
What led Germany to agree to an armistice in 1918?
What led Germany to agree to an armistice in 1918?
What major health crisis paralleled the end of World War I?
What major health crisis paralleled the end of World War I?
In what way did the League of Nations struggle after its formation?
In what way did the League of Nations struggle after its formation?
What did President Wilson believe was essential for future world peace?
What did President Wilson believe was essential for future world peace?
How were the mandates established in the Middle East viewed by the League of Nations?
How were the mandates established in the Middle East viewed by the League of Nations?
What was a prominent characteristic of the post-war division of the Ottoman Empire’s territories?
What was a prominent characteristic of the post-war division of the Ottoman Empire’s territories?
What effect did the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti have on American society?
What effect did the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti have on American society?
What was one of the main objectives of Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War?
What was one of the main objectives of Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War?
What ultimately happened to Wilson's vision for the League of Nations in the U.S. Senate?
What ultimately happened to Wilson's vision for the League of Nations in the U.S. Senate?
Match the following individuals with their roles or affiliations during the lead-up to World War I:
Match the following individuals with their roles or affiliations during the lead-up to World War I:
Match the alliance systems with their member countries before World War I:
Match the alliance systems with their member countries before World War I:
Match the figures with what they are known for:
Match the figures with what they are known for:
Match the nation with its strategic interest.
Match the nation with its strategic interest.
Match the term with its description.
Match the term with its description.
Match the country with the major concern or action regarding naval power before the war.
Match the country with the major concern or action regarding naval power before the war.
Match the individual or entity with its goal or action during the war.
Match the individual or entity with its goal or action during the war.
Match the technological development, act, or committee, with its significance in the context of World War I, as it relates to the provided text.
Match the technological development, act, or committee, with its significance in the context of World War I, as it relates to the provided text.
Match the following individuals with their roles or actions in the lead-up to World War I:
Match the following individuals with their roles or actions in the lead-up to World War I:
Match the following terms with their descriptions related to U.S. foreign policy:
Match the following terms with their descriptions related to U.S. foreign policy:
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Flashcards
World War I
World War I
A global conflict from 1914 to 1918 that reshaped nations and global power dynamics.
Impact of WWI on America
Impact of WWI on America
Marked the U.S. rise as a military power and advanced social progress, then led to repression.
Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II
The German Emperor who sought to rival Britain's naval power and expand Germany's influence.
Triple Entente
Triple Entente
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Austro-Hungarian Empire
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Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
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German Navy Rivalry
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Nationalism in WWI
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Austro-Hungarian Expansion
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Gavrilo Princip
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Tsar Nicholas II
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Serbia
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American Neutrality
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Washington's Farewell Address
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The National Defense Act of 1916
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Pancho Villa
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John 'Black Jack' Pershing
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Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
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Naval Act of 1916
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Veracruz
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Limited Diplomacy
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Military Modernization
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Foreign Policy of Neutrality
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Selective Service Act
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Organized Labor Movement
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Army Alpha test
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Army Beta test
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Robert M. Yerkes
Robert M. Yerkes
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Eugenics
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Racial Segregation in Army
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Black Soldiers' Experience
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Women's Enlistment in War
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YMCA and War Department
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Psychological Examination of Recruits
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Social Control Over Soldiers
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Physical Fitness Requirement
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Defects Found in Drafted Men
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Volunteer Work by Women
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Neutrality
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RMS Lusitania
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Zimmermann Telegram
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Schlieffen Plan
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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American Entry into WWI
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Blockades
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American Industrial Economy
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Trench warfare
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Public Opinion on War
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Casualties
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Mobilization
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Ultimatums from Austria
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Economic connections
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Hello Girls
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Marine Corps Women
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Home Front Activities
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Black Women's Military Roles
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Committee on Public Information
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American Economic Power
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American Expeditionary Forces
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Erich Ludendorff
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Armistice
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Spanish Influenza
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Paris Peace Conference
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Treaty of Versailles
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Collapse of Empires
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Troop Transport
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Influenza's Impact
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League of Nations
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Native American contributions in WWI
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Wilhelm II's Ambition
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Defensive Alliance
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Weaponry Impact on Soldiers
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National Pride vs. Disenchantment
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Foundation for Future Conflicts
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Mexican Revolution Impact
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American Neutrality Declaration
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Davis Act of 1908
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Wilson’s Neutrality Policy
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Transformative experiences in France
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Espionage Act
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Creel Committee
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America’s Military Unpreparedness
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Public Sentiment for War
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April 4, 1917
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Economic Influence on Neutrality
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National Defense Act of 1916
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Women in the Military
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President Wilson's Plan
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Opposition to the League
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Wilson's Compromise Treaty
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Imperfections of Versailles Treaty
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French and British Goals at Versailles
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Bolshevik Influence
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New Nations Formation
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Chicago Riot 1919
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Post-War Disillusionment
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Postwar Racial Tensions
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Impact of WWI on Racial Dynamics
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American Perspective on Race Riots
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Influenza Pandemic 1918
Influenza Pandemic 1918
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Manuel Quezon
Manuel Quezon
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Wilson's Vision for Self-Determination
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American Anticommunism
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Prelude to War
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German Posturing
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Impact of Nationalism
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Diplomatic Crises
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Economic Neutrality
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Russian Mobilization
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Impact of Blockades
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Failure of Ultimatums from Austria
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Casualties of War
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Mobilization of U.S. Forces
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Evolution of American Military Policy
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Physical Defects in Drafted Men
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Support for Black Soldiers
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Women's Roles in WWI
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Congress and Draft Registration
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Women's Volunteer Efforts
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Balkans
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Gavrilo Princip's assassination
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U.S. Foreign Policy (1900s)
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U.S. military struggles
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Wilson's Declaration of Neutrality
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American Industry and War
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American military limitations
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Limited U.S. diplomacy
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American business interests
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Defeat was inevitable
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Russian army disintegration
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Death toll in Europe
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Red Scare
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Reparations
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Racial Tensions
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Black Resistance
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Wilson's Fourteen Points
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American Attitudes towards Immigration
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James Weldon Johnson
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World War I's Aftermath
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Civil Rights Movement Prelude
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Impact of World War I on Racial Segregation
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Labor Shortages during WWI
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Study Notes
World War I: Causes and Impacts
- World War I, also known as the Great War, drastically reshaped the global landscape, dismantling empires, forming new nations, and setting the stage for future conflicts.
- Modern weaponry caused immense suffering and casualties among young soldiers.
- The US entry in 1917 profoundly altered the nation's geopolitical position and domestic affairs.
- The war accelerated US global military influence and briefly enhanced American progressivism, but also fueled repression and disillusionment. It stoked national pride and fueled disenchantments, shattering Progressive Era hopes.
- The conflict laid the foundation for the subsequent global depression, World War II, and ongoing international conflicts, including national, religious, and cultural conflicts worldwide.
- The war profoundly altered the course of world history, leading toward a global depression and a second world war. Sparked the Bolshevik Revolution, resulting in the Soviet Union and later the Cold War. Created Middle Eastern nations and increased ethnic tensions.
- American involvement as a major power on the European mainland changed the nation's place in the world.
- Nationalistic passions were whipped up causing negative US attitudes toward dissent and immigration.
Prelude to War (Pre-1914)
- Germany's rise to power under Kaiser Wilhelm II created anxieties and rivalries among European nations.
- Wilhelm II's ambition to build a powerful German navy and acquire colonies was perceived as a threat by Britain.
- A complex system of alliances developed among European powers in response to escalating tensions, with Britain, France, and Russia forming the Triple Entente.
- The Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire vied for influence in the Balkans, fueling anxieties.
- Political leaders and citizens in the US initially focused internally on industrial development rather than engaging in European diplomacy, reflecting a policy of neutrality from the Farewell Address of George Washington. However, US maintained strong trade connections with European nations.
- The US military was small and underfunded and lacked the training and organization of its European counterparts.
- The US, by 1914, held the top position in the global industrial economy, producing more than one third of the world's manufactured goods. This position greatly increased American economic and military influence.
- The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist spurred Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
- The emergence of motorized vehicles, reconnaissance aircraft, and the wireless telegraph dramatically affected warfare and military operations, as seen during a field test in Mexico.
World War I: Europe
- The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist spurred Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia.
- This declaration rapidly escalated into a continental conflict involving numerous countries.
- Germany implemented the Schlieffen Plan targeting France quickly whilst Russia mobilized. This plan involved traversing Belgium, drawing Great Britain into the war as it violated Belgian neutrality.
- The war devolved into prolonged trench warfare along the Western Front, characterized by high casualties.
- Campaigns in the Middle East, Africa, and the Balkans largely failed to achieve decisive breakthroughs or impact the main theatre of battle.
- The collapse of the Russian Tsarist regime in 1917 allowed Germany to concentrate on the Western Front.
- The Zimmermann Telegram offering support to Mexico aimed to distract the US from entering the war and secure lost territories for Mexico, but backfired, contributing to its entry.
- The war significantly depleted resources and human capital for both the belligerent nations.
- The German army's final Spring Offensive failed resulting in Germany's surrender on November 11, 1918.
America Enters the War (1917)
- Despite initial neutrality, the US faced increasing pressure to intervene due to economic ties with the Allies and German submarine warfare.
- The sinking of the RMS Lusitania, resulting in American casualties, fueled public outrage and desire for war.
- The US military was vastly unprepared for major war and relied on a system of voluntary enlistment that proved insufficient.
- The Selective Service Act of 1917 established a draft system to draft men (ages 21-30), which circumvented the unpopular Civil War system of bonuses and substitutes.
- The US military faced challenges in training, equipping, and deploying troops quickly.
- Physical fitness standards and intelligence tests (Alpha/Beta) were developed to assess and select recruits, but these tests were flawed in design and implementation.
- Racial segregation and discrimination persisted within the military, limiting Black soldiers to support duty rather than combat.
- Social control measures were implemented for American troops, including schools, tours, and recreational activities to maintain discipline and morale, aimed at preventing those soldiers from succumbing to perceived European vices.
- Congress authorized the construction of a modern navy in the 1880s, but America's army remained small and underfunded.
- A major test of military modernization was found in the Mexican border conflict.
The War at Home
- Economic contributions from Americans to the war effort involved significantly more individual sacrifices than financial contributions.
- The US embraced massive propaganda campaigns to garner patriotism and support for the war, utilizing mass media outlets and organizations like the Committee on Public Information (Creel Committee).
- Government suppression of dissent against the war resulted in the imprisonment of protesters and critics, facilitated by laws like the Espionage Act and Sedition Act.
- Propaganda targeted immigrants, labor unions, and political radicals alongside other dissenters.
- Wartime economic influence shifted towards supporting Allies while reducing trade with Central Powers.
The Influenza Pandemic
- During the war, a deadly flu pandemic swept the world, significantly impacting both Allied and Central Powers' capacity for military actions.
- The pandemic caused more military deaths than combat, weakening the combat capabilities of American and German armies.
- The pandemic impacted the final stages of combat, significantly impacting the ability of both armies to successfully carry out military operations.
- The "Spanish Influenza" or "Spanish Lady," initially reported in neutral Spain, resulted in an estimated 50 million deaths.
Post-War Era
- President Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points plan, promoting self-determination and an international organization known as the League of Nations to prevent future wars.
- The Treaty of Versailles ended the war.
- The US Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League of Nations.
- The war's aftermath led to various geostrategic realignments in the Middle East and profound instability in Europe.
- The war's impact on racial tensions and migration patterns in the United States prompted the Red Summer of 1919, with significant racial conflict across US cities.
- US wartime service and industrial production created labor shortages, leading to the Great Migration of Black Southerners to Northern and Midwestern cities.
- Black returning soldiers and those newly in the North experienced racism and discrimination, contributing to the Red Summer uprisings.
- The ongoing instability after the war led to a global depression and a second world war as well as the Bolshevik Revolution.
- US involvement in Mexico tested military capabilities and underscored the importance of naval forces, but also highlighted challenges in modernizing the armed forces during periods of European imperial influence.
Women in World War I
- Participation of women in both military and civilian organizations greatly expanded during wartime, challenging gender roles.
- Women filled administrative positions in the military (e.g., telephone operators, clerical workers), freeing men for combat.
- Women also volunteered in significant numbers in civilian wartime organizations like the American Red Cross and YMCA/YWCA.
- Despite these gains, Jim Crow segregation excluded Black women.
- Some women served with the American Expeditionary Force in France.
- Women's roles challenged traditional gender norms. Women's efforts for the war effort brought considerable upheaval in their transition to roles in the military and civilian sectors.
Additional Information
- US intervention in Mexico tested American military capabilities, with a focus on naval strength, and some modernizing efforts were made during the Mexican expedition.
- American soldiers fighting in World War I faced both physical and mental challenges due to the war's conditions, resulting in rejection for service. This included significant loss or decline in physical or mental abilities.
- American military officers, and some civilians, were wary of the inclusion of immigrants, a sentiment that was reflected in popular and government responses.
- The war led to significant wartime propaganda and suppression of criticism via laws passed in the United States.
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