World War I and Interwar Period

• Modern history is divided into the early modern period, the late modern period and the comtemporary period
• People witnessed the age of information and technologies post 1945
• Modern transportation, information and communication technology, advanced transportation and medical innovations have increased interconnectedness
• Globalization serves as a phenomenon used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures and populations

Globalization According to Scholars

• Giddens: Intensification links distant localities such that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa
• Sunny Levin Institute: A process of interaction and integration happens among people, companies, and governments, which is driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology
• Robertson: Globalization has brought the compression of the world and that has intensified consciousness of the world as a whole

Globalization According to Various Disciplines

• History is concerned with whether globalization is modern or not
• Economics is viewed as changing patterns of international trade and commerce as well as the unequal distribution of wealth
• Politics is seen as the impact of the forces of globalization, such as the international non-governmental organizations and international organizations, on the state and vice versa
• Globalization can be seen as a process, a condition or an ideology

Six Ideologies of Globalization

• Globalization is viewed as a multidimensional set of social processes that generate and increase "worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant
• Supra-territoriality describes social connections that transcend territorial geography
• Transplanetary involves establishing social links between people located at different places on the planet
• Six ideologies are around globalization and are viewed as: Globalization benefits everyone in the long run, Globalization is inevitable and irreversible, Nobody is in charge, Globalizaiton requires a global war on terror and it spreads democracy
• Globalization benefits everyone in the long run

Concepts Related to Globalization

• Liberalization involves the removal of barriers and restrictions imposed by national govenrments which creates an open borderless world economy

• Internationalization involves activities by entities such as corporations, states, international organizations, private organizations and individuals crossing national boarders

• Glocalization involves a product or service that is developed and distributed globally

• Universalization denotes the process of spreading various objects, practices and experiences to different parts of the world; Westernization, Americanization or Mcdonaldization may occur which leads to the destruction of local cultures

• Globalization broadened, its literature also booed and gerenated theories and conceptual frameworks on how interpret social realities

Theoretical Paradigms Associated with Globalization

• Space, Time and Globalization
• Transnationality and Transnationalism
• Global Culture Paradigm
• Global Capitalism Paradigm
• The Network Society of School of Thought
• World Systems Paradigm

World System Theory

• Immanuel Wallerstein argues that the modern world system started in the 1500s, and connects all countries through a single division of labor
• Developed countries extract labor and raw materials from peripheral countries
• According to Wallerstein, capital now accumulates through an ever-expanding network of trade routes, property rights, and labor agreements that connect the world while reinforcing inequalities
• Capitalism has created a global enterprise that swept the 19th century and into the present

Characteristics of World System Paradigm

• The centrality and immanence the inter-state system as well as inter-state rivalry is needed to maintain and reproduce the world system
• A geographic division of labor is created by the system
• Core Nations are the developed nations, having diversified economies and stable internal politics, which are regarded as powerful centers of the system--Western Europe, North America, and Japan
• Peripheral Nations are those forced to specialize in the export of unprocessed raw materials and food to the core nations, also regions that have been forcibly subordinated to the core through colonialism--Latin America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe
• Semi-peripheral nations fall in between the core and peripheral nations, being more industrialized than the peripheral, but less industrialized than the core--Argentina, China India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia and Iran

Global Capitalism Theory

• Treats globalization as evolving system of world capitalist

• Sklair espoused the "Transnational practices" (TNPs) as operational categories for the analysis of the transnational phenomena

• Transnational Capitalist Class involves executive of Transnational corporations, globalizing bureaucrats, Politicians, Professionals, Consumerist elites in the Media and commercial sector

• According to Robinson (2003, 2004), Globalization creates new forms of transnational class relations across borders and new forms of class cleavages globally and as well as within countries, regions, cities, and local communities

• Theory of network society school of taught does not say capitalism fuels globalization, rather technology and technological change do

• Manuel Castells suggests that the rules of global capitalism have changed to embrace new information technologies where power flows not from corporations or states, but through the informational flows and codes that connect those things

• Anthony Giddens suggests that globalization has created a Global Risk Society in which human social and economic activities produces pollution, crime, new illnesses, market crashes and wars

• David Harvey argues that globalization represents a burst of time-space compression produced through capitalist development during the Condition of Post-Modernity

• Time-space compression refers to how the acceleration of economic activities leads to the destruction of spatial barriers and distances

• Saskia Sassen (1949) initiated that the international spread of human rights can override distinctions of nationality and citizenship that also include sub-national spaces

• Rapid growth of the mass media resulted in Global cultural flows and images--religion, nation and ethnicity, consumerism, communications, tourism McDonaldization popularized by Ritzer describes the sociocultural porcesses which the principles of FAST food led to

• Globalization = Ongoing economic, technological, social, and political integration of the world after WWII

• Shangquan defined that globalization is the increasing interedependence of world economies from cross-border trade of commodities and services using international capital

Actors That Facilitate Economic Globalization

• Globalization is taken primarily as economic process (Abelos et.al 2019)
• Business orgainzations are aiming for globalized products and services
• Greater relationships are created among boarders forming networks, groups of elites and world organizations contribute this information
• Economic Network involves a combination of individuals, groups, or countries to benefit as a community
• Refer to the formational of international organizations like APEC, ASEAN, UN and WTO
• Networks serve member countries in political, economic, socio-cultural ways facing issues like COVID 19 and terrorism
• Globalization comes out from using new technology that helps to produce dramatic relations in both the economy and broader society

Role of Elites

• Elites are either superior to the rest of the group (defined relatively) or possess (defined materially)
• Elite’s exercise significant power more than non-elites, like corporate globalist that form transnational interlocking directorates coming from "rich countries"

Role of Institution

• As globalization becomes more difficult for countries, the solutions involve cooperation and coordination

• Without any world government, the most effective way for this is: create institutions, reform existing ones

• The institutions give authority and focus morality while guiding individual life maining order

• These institutions help in developing global spaces that produces formation in processes like globalization The global economy is interconnected economic activities that take place between countries -Szentes economic globalization is processes for making the economy by extending transnational processes -Involve countries to help -Benczes states trends helps current world trends

• 1944 representatives form US and other and countires made the Woods resort which laid foundation to the war including IMF, WTO, WB prevent economic issues economic cooperation

International Monetary Fund

• Functions of the IMF: Facilitate the cooperation of monetary policy
• Help stabilize between countries
• Help safegaurd IMF GATT trade wars aids economy that also have WTO IMF too

World Bank

• WB: Aims to reduce poverty and promote reforms
• Reforms social and promotes economy such as education, health and clean enviroment International Economic System (IES) since 1980s and to go beyond regulation of private sector.

The World economy

• Trading with chinease helped in exchanging trading and helped silk goods

• Trading with chinease helped also help exchanged culture

• In the past it was very hard for countries and now goods and services and sold

• There also free area such as north trAmerican area

• What we are experiencing now is nothing new because they are going back to it int hat was in the 20th century -Tecnology helped lives with all systems

• Transition feudalism which helped post industrial world with trade Third perspective big data learning renewable which impacted lives

• The fourth perspective is policies by organization and trading with unions

• The most important institutions are banks and monetary fund .they help and gives private investment

• IMF is UN institution and now has 125 members

• Functions helps with credit

• Provide the orderly adjustments and helps with consultancy service

• It promote global cooperation. Help short loan that retain fixed rate

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• World bank develop for countires and reconstruct from wars given loans -And sets up investment

• Rise of companies

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• Dominate world economy with products and patents

• Apple- 1.172 .

• Billion dollars with all time record Microsoft 1.101 trillion

• Alphabet 902 billion revenue deliver growth

• Amazon 887 billion net sales operating 3.9 87.4 net increase is 8 Billion

• Berkshire 545. 7 the earnings are 24 billions dollars

• Increasing company alliances

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Examine the causes, effects, and ideologies surrounding World War I and the subsequent interwar period. Questions cover the League of Nations, the Comintern, the impact of nationalism and socialism, and the war's effect on colonialism.