World Trade Organization Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following was NOT used as primitive money in ancient societies?

  • Paper Money (correct)
  • Farm animals
  • Salt
  • Metal

What were the first recognizable metal coins made of in China?

  • Silver
  • Iron
  • Gold
  • Bronze (correct)

What led to the use of metal pieces as money?

  • The discovery of new metal deposits.
  • The introduction of paper money in China.
  • The difficulty in carrying and using perishable materials. (correct)
  • The decline in the use of shells and feathers.

What was the reason for the transition from tools and weapons to circular shapes for coins?

<p>Circular shapes were easier to carry and store. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region and year did the first industrial facility for minting coins appear?

<p>Lydia, 600 BC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metal was used in the first official currency minted in Lydia?

<p>Electrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of making a coin by stamping metal called?

<p>Minting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Marco Polo play in the development of money?

<p>He observed and documented the use of paper money in China. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year were the French authorities initially forced to reissue card money due to revenue shortfalls?

<p>1690 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason behind the issuance of card money in Canada?

<p>To finance government expenses and facilitate transactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the declaration that 'all debts and contracts in Canada became payable in monnoye de France' in 1717?

<p>It introduced a new currency standard based on the French livre. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the significance of copper coins introduced in 1722?

<p>They were initially met with resistance by merchants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did ordonnances and acquits play in 18th century Canadian monetary system?

<p>They circulated alongside card money and other forms of payment as promissory notes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in 1729 altered the use of card money in Canada?

<p>Card money was recognized as the sole legal tender for all payments, replacing ordonnances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift occurred in the Canadian monetary system by the early 1750s?

<p>A move towards a purely paper-based monetary system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the rapid increase in the amount of paper money in circulation during the late 1750s?

<p>A significant rise in the prices of goods and services (inflation). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with Mercantilism?

<p>Promoting free trade and minimal government intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is cited as the catalyst for the emergence of Mercantilism in Europe?

<p>The Commercial Revolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of Mercantilist policies with respect to international trade?

<p>To accumulate national wealth and resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mercantilist policies?

<p>Promoting free trade between countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of merchant fleets in Mercantilist economies?

<p>Increasing exports and generating wealth for the nation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributed to the transition from local economies to national economies during the Commercial Revolution?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the rise of new nation-states in the 1500s?

<p>The need for stronger military forces and national institutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mercantilist rulers view the accumulation of gold and silver?

<p>As a measure of a nation's overall economic prosperity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of bartering?

<p>It requires using money instead of goods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of bartering?

<p>It avoids the use of money. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is NOT a direct consequence of the disadvantages of bartering?

<p>The formation of groups for mutual protection and resource sharing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the resurgence of bartering in recent times?

<p>The global economic downturn leading to a shortage of money. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did early humans not need to barter?

<p>They had very few needs and could easily obtain what they required. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did intergroup interaction lead to the development of bartering?

<p>It forced early humans to develop a system of exchange to obtain needed resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between barter and the use of money?

<p>Barter involves the exchange of goods and services, while money uses a standardized currency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the internet facilitate bartering in modern times?

<p>It provides a platform for advertising and finding potential barter partners. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Giovanni Botero and Antonio Serra emphasize about a nation's wealth?

<p>The power of increasing returns to scale in industrialization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adam Smith's work in The Wealth of Nations is significant because it:

<p>Provided a comprehensive critique of mercantilist economic policies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against mercantilist policies as outlined by Adam Smith?

<p>They prioritize the interests of the government and commercial class at the expense of the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a country having an absolute advantage over another?

<p>Country A having a more efficient production process for a specific good than Country B. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental basis of absolute advantage according to the text?

<p>The ability to produce goods at a lower cost than competitors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the theories of Botero and Serra and Adam Smith?

<p>Botero and Serra focused on the role of government in economic development, while Smith emphasized free markets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Adam Smith's economic theories differ from mercantilist doctrine?

<p>Smith argued for the benefits of specialization and economies of scale, while mercantilists emphasized self-sufficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor for a country to have an absolute advantage in a particular industry?

<p>Access to a large pool of capital at a low cost. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage?

<p>The ability of a country to produce a product more efficiently than another country (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of absolute advantage, what should countries do with products they produce less efficiently?

<p>Import those products from countries producing them more efficiently (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle did the Physiocrats emphasize regarding the source of a nation's wealth?

<p>It lies in the size of its net product from agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage differ from mercantilist views?

<p>Smith emphasized specialization over protectionism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was François Quesnay's key concept regarding agriculture?

<p>It generates a surplus known as the net product (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of the theory of absolute advantage?

<p>Countries gain efficiency through specialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critique the Physiocrats had against manufacturing and commerce?

<p>They deemed it created no net product (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of absolute advantage, when should two countries engage in trade?

<p>When one country can produce a product more efficiently and vice versa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Advantage of Bartering

Bartering does not involve money and simplifies trade without currency issues.

Disadvantage of Bartering

Challenges include finding matching needs and establishing value without a standard measure.

Need Matching

It's hard to find someone who wants what you have and has what you want.

Value Assessment

Determining the equivalent value of traded goods is difficult in bartering.

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Perishability of Goods

Bartered items are often perishable, making trade timing essential.

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Bartering's Resurgence

Bartering has re-emerged due to economic crises and modern online platforms.

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Historical Evolution of Barter

Bartering developed as early humans exchanged goods to meet their needs.

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Origin of Money

Bartering's limitations contributed to the creation of money as a trading medium.

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Primitive means of payment

Early materials used for trade such as salt, metal, and animals.

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Materials used as money

Agreed values for items like shells, feathers, and animal teeth.

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Challenges of early trade

Difficulties in carrying and using perishable goods for exchange.

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Origin of metal coins

Came into use in China around 1000 BC for easier trade.

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First recognizable metal coins

Metal coins appeared in China, believed to be around 1000 BC.

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First mint in history

Location in Lydia (now Turkey) where coins were first produced around 600 BC.

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Transition to paper money

Changed from coins to paper money in China around 700 BC.

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Marco Polo's observation

Noted the emperor's control over money supply and denominations in China, AD 1271.

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Card Money Introduction

Card money was first issued in February 1686 as a currency.

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Reissue of Card Money

Card money was reissued in 1690 due to revenue shortfalls.

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Legal Tender Definition

Legal tender is currency recognized by law for paying debts.

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Role of Card Money

Card money served as a circulating medium and a financing tool.

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Inflation Explanation

Inflation is the increase in prices, reducing money's purchasing power.

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Rise of Paper Money

By 1757, payments transitioned entirely to paper money.

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Copper Coins Reaction

Copper coins introduced in 1722 were not well accepted by merchants.

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End of Card Money

After the British conquest in 1760, paper money became worthless.

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Filipinization

The process of incorporating Filipino elements in currency, starting in the late 1960s.

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Ang Bagong Lipunan Series

Philippine banknotes from the 1970s, printed at the Security Printing Plant.

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Flora and Fauna Coin Series

A series of Philippine coins from 1983 showcasing local biodiversity.

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New Design Series (1985)

Banknotes introduced in 1985 to replace the Ang Bagong Lipunan series.

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Mercantilism

Economic theory stating a nation's wealth is based on gold/silver accumulation.

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Trade Surplus

A situation where a country's exports exceed its imports.

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Trade Deficit

A situation where a country's imports exceed its exports.

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Commercial Revolution

A period from 1450 to 1750 that marked the shift to national economies in Europe.

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Giovanni Botero

An Italian theorist emphasizing development through industrialization and increasing returns.

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Antonio Serra

An Italian economist who argued for increasing returns to scale as key to growth.

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Absolute Advantage

The ability of a country to produce goods at a lower absolute cost using fewer resources.

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Adam Smith

The founder of modern economics, known for advocating free markets and criticizing mercantilism.

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Specialization

Focusing on specific tasks to improve efficiency and productivity in production.

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Cumulative Causation

The process where an initial advantage leads to more advantages over time in economic growth.

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Free Markets

Economic systems where prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

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Specialization in Trade

Countries should produce goods they can make efficiently and trade for what they cannot make as effectively.

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International Division of Labor

The allocation of different countries to produce specific goods based on efficiency and specialization.

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Physiocrats

Economic theorists who believed that only agriculture could generate surplus wealth for a nation.

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Produit Net

The net product or surplus that comes from agricultural production according to Physiocrats.

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Trade Benefits

Countries benefit from trading products they can produce efficiently and importing goods they cannot produce as well.

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Enlightenment Economic Thought

Ideas during the Enlightenment that shifted focus from gold stocks to production outputs for national wealth.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
  • It oversees agreements negotiated and signed by world trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.
  • Examples of WTO agreements include: Agreement on Agriculture, Agreement on Trade Facilitation, Agreement on the Expansion of Trade in Information Technology Products, and Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement.
  • Primary goal is to ensure trade flows smoothly, predictably, and freely.
  • WTO helps producers, exporters, and importers conduct their business.
  • WTO roles include operating a global system of trade rules, acting as a forum for negotiating trade agreements, settling trade disputes between members, and supporting developing countries' needs.
  • Primary function: Open trade for the benefit of all.
  • Headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • 164 members and 22 countries are in the process of acceding to the WTO, making it a universal multilateral institution.

Appointments and Responsibilities

  • Each council, committee, or working party elects its own chairperson.
  • Informal consultations are held to ensure a good distribution of appointments.
  • Three groups: those involving the General Council, those reporting to the Goods Council, and those reporting to the Services Council.

Decision-Making

  • Major decisions are made by WTO member governments: either by ministers (who usually meet at least every two years) or by their ambassadors or delegates who meet regularly in Geneva.

Organizational Structure

  • Ministerial Conference
  • General Council (meeting as Trade Policy Review Body and Dispute Settlement Body)
  • Appellate Body
  • Committees on Trade and Environment, Trade and Development, and Sub-Committee on Least-Developed Countries.
  • Regional Trade Agreements committees
  • Council for Trade in Goods (and its various committees)
  • Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
  • Council for Trade in Services (and its various committees)
  • Trade Negotiations Committee
  • Doha Development Agenda Negotiations
  • Plurilateral Committees
  • Dispute Settlement Panels
  • Working parties on Accession, Trade, debt and finance, Trade and technology transfer, State Trading Enterprises, and Domestic Regulation.

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