World Religions Before 1450 CE: Judaism
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Questions and Answers

What was a major factor that contributed to the changes in religious ideas and beliefs over time?

  • The number of followers in each religion
  • Interactions with other belief systems (correct)
  • The physical locations of religious leaders
  • The size of religious texts

What does the concept of the Covenant represent in Judaism?

  • The written traditions of the Hebrews
  • An agreement between people and God (correct)
  • The agricultural practices of ancient Israel
  • The unification of different tribes

Which of the following best describes the original social organization of the Hebrews?

  • A centralized monarchy with rich urban cities
  • A commercial society with extensive trade routes
  • Nomadic pastoralists organized into tribes (correct)
  • A matriarchal society governed by women

In what way did Judaism retain characteristics over time?

<p>By adhering to a single God and the Covenant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the small states established by the Hebrews fare in the face of external threats?

<p>They were eventually conquered by other groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant method of preserving religious beliefs among the Hebrews?

<p>Oral storytelling passed through generations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'portable, congregational faiths' refer to in the context of religions?

<p>Religions that can connect communities across large distances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of religions tends to change dramatically over time?

<p>The interaction with cultural practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary way Jewish communities protected themselves during times of persecution?

<p>By becoming useful as bankers and scribes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group played a significant role in the development of Hinduism during its early period?

<p>The Brahmins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary teaching of Buddhism as established by Siddhartha Gautama?

<p>Life is fundamentally suffering, which comes from desire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Hinduism, which texts explain the philosophy of reincarnation and liberation?

<p>The Upanishads (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Buddhism from Hinduism?

<p>A more egalitarian structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Islamic and Catholic states on Jewish life from 1200 to 1450 CE?

<p>They often marginalized Jewish communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement emerged as a significant form of Buddhism in China during the seventh century?

<p>Zen Buddhism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Hindu rulers generally respond to the diversity of beliefs in their kingdoms?

<p>By demonstrating tolerance towards different beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant belief concerning social classes was prevalent in Hinduism?

<p>Birth determined social class and it was rarely changed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common outcome for some Jews in response to external pressures during the medieval period?

<p>Assimilation into the cultures around them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elements of Buddhism allowed it to adapt easily to new regions?

<p>Lack of a fixed doctrinal authority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

<p>They outline a path to eliminate suffering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the rabbi serve in Jewish communities during the diaspora?

<p>Community-based leader providing guidance and education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Jesus' teachings?

<p>To promote a kingdom of eternal happiness and devotion to God (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in 1054 CE that impacted the Christian Church?

<p>The Great Schism creating two large churches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which early church leader was instrumental in the development of Christian hierarchies?

<p>Paul of Tarsus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Qur'an in Islam?

<p>It is seen as the direct words of God to Muhammad (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the rise of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula?

<p>Muhammad's military conquests and preaching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Five Pillars of Islam?

<p>Building mosques in every city (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relationship between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church is accurate?

<p>They sometimes supported each other against Muslim states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the splits within Islam after Muhammad's death?

<p>Differences between the Sunnis and Shi’a (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one way the Christian Church provided unity after the decline of the Roman Empire?

<p>By establishing a central church authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Muhammad's approach to religious teachings?

<p>He emphasized preaching and writing the Qur'an (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the support of Roman Emperors play in the Christian Church's development?

<p>It helped build a centralized church structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did mystical movements within Islam often manifest?

<p>By veneration of local saints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the teachings of Jesus in relation to wealth and power?

<p>He advocated for a spiritual kingdom rather than an earthly one (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monotheism

A belief system that emphasizes the existence of one God.

Covenant

An agreement between a people and their deity, often involving promises and obligations.

Congregational Faith

A group of people who share a common belief system, often extending across vast distances.

Judaism

The written collection of stories and laws that form the basis of Judaism, originating in the first millennium BCE.

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Hebrews

A group of people who migrated and herded sheep and goats, laying the foundation for Judaism.

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Written Traditions

The process of recording ideas and traditions in writing, often marking a significant shift in a culture.

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Tribes

A collection of groups with shared ancestry, often united by a common faith.

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Before 1450 CE

The historical period before the year 1450 CE, a time of significant change and continuity in world religions.

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Jesus' Preaching

Jesus' message about a future kingdom of happiness and the importance of devotion to God and love for others.

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Jesus' Kingdom

A spiritual kingdom, not based on earthly power or wealth.

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Jesus as Messiah

Jesus was considered the Son of God and the Messiah, fulfilling Hebrew prophecies.

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Early Christian Organization

The organization of early Christian communities, led by priests and apostles.

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Cultural Adaptation of Christianity

The practice of adapting Christian beliefs to different cultural contexts.

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Great Schism

The split in Christianity between the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) Churches.

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Qur'an

The Islamic holy book, believed to be the words of God revealed to Muhammad.

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Muhammad's Revelations

Muhammad's revelations, recorded in the Qur'an, guiding Muslims on faith, worship, and daily life.

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Jihad

The Islamic obligation to strive for God's will, spread faith, and live a righteous life.

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Five Pillars of Islam

The five pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage

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Sunni-Shi'a Split

The division within Islam between Sunnis and Shi'a, based on differing beliefs about leadership and interpretation of the Quran.

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Islamic Mysticism

Mystical movements within Islam, combining Islamic beliefs with local practices and veneration of saints.

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Islam as a unifying force

The role of Islam in unifying societies and creating links between different states.

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Continuity and Change in Religions

The emergence of new religious ideas and practices throughout history, responding to changing societies and interactions between religions.

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History of Religion

The study of religion as a distinct field of study, exploring its history, beliefs, and practices.

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Diaspora

The scattering of a people from their homeland, often due to persecution or forced migration.

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Rabbi

A Jewish religious leader who guides a community in matters of faith and law.

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Hinduism

The belief system that emerged in northern India between 1500 and 500 BCE, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all things and the cycle of reincarnation.

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Vedas

Sacred texts in Hinduism that convey hymns, rituals, and philosophical insights.

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Brahmins

A powerful priestly class in Hinduism, responsible for performing rituals and assisting people in achieving spiritual liberation.

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Reincarnation

The idea in Hinduism that a soul goes through a series of lives, experiencing different forms and learning valuable lessons.

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Moksha

A state of liberation and union with the divine in Hinduism, achieved through spiritual practice and understanding.

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Upanishads

A set of texts in Hinduism that explore philosophical and spiritual concepts, particularly the nature of the soul and its journey to enlightenment.

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Caste System

A system of social hierarchy in Hinduism, determining an individual's occupation and social status based on their birth.

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Buddha

The founder of Buddhism, who is believed to have achieved enlightenment through meditation and self-discipline.

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Four Noble Truths

Four core principles in Buddhism that outline the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the path to end it.

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Eightfold Path

An eight-fold path in Buddhism that outlines ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom as a means to achieving enlightenment.

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Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism that emphasizes a focus on daily life and experience as a path to enlightenment.

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Chan Buddhism (Zen Buddhism)

A school of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and the use of natural experiences for achieving enlightenment.

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Study Notes

World Religions Before 1450 CE

  • Religious beliefs evolve over time due to internal factors, population shifts, and interactions with other belief systems.
  • Religions, particularly widespread ones, often connect distant communities.
  • Religions generally exhibit greater continuity than other human institutions.

Judaism

  • Judaism's origins are in first-millennium BCE Canaan, where Hebrew traditions were written down.
  • Judaism is a monotheistic faith centered around the covenant.
  • Early Hebrews were nomadic pastoralists, who used shared faith for unity.
  • Jews faced frequent conquests, leading to a diaspora across the Mediterranean.
  • From 1200-1450 CE, Jews existed largely within Islamic and Catholic states, having dispersed communities.
  • Communities lacked a centralized priesthood; rabbis led them based on regional schools and correspondence.
  • Jews endured harsh treatment, often outside the social order of rulers.
  • Many Jews became bankers, scribes, or assimilated; conversions to other faiths occurred.
  • Jewish communities remained distinct minorities in these states.

Hinduism

  • Hinduism emerged in North India between 1500 and 500 BCE.
  • The Vedas serve as sacred texts, recognizing gods, goddesses, and a Brahmin priestly class.
  • Brahmins presided over rituals for union with the universe's source.
  • By 300 BCE, Hinduism evolved to allow individual devotion to gods, though Brahmin influence persisted.
  • Upanishads introduced the idea of reincarnation and eventual liberation.
  • Social class became increasingly rigid in Hinduism.
  • By 1200 CE, Hinduism had spread across South Asia and Southeast Asia, incorporating local beliefs.
  • Hinduism remained diverse, lacking strict centralization.
  • Conflict between Hinduism and Islam intensified in northern/central India, leading to attempts at unifying Hindu thought (e.g., by Ramanuja, Chaitanya, and Madhva).

Buddhism

  • Buddhism developed in North India, in the 6th Century BCE, from similar roots to Hinduism.
  • It emphasizes equality over hierarchy and priestly power.
  • Based on the teachings of Prince Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha).
  • The Four Noble Truths (suffering, desire, limitations, and the Eightfold Path) provide a path to enlightenment through individual action.
  • Buddhism emphasizes different pathways for enlightenment, including monastic life and everyday practices.
  • Buddhism spread widely, adapting to different cultures.
  • China became a major center by the 7th century CE, impacting Vietnam, Korea, and Japan.
  • Chan/Zen Buddhism (emphasizing mediation and natural enlightenment) rose in prominence under the Song Dynasty (11th-13th centuries).
  • Buddhist schools flourished and co-existed.

Christianity

  • Christianity emerged in the early Roman Empire among the Jewish population.
  • Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
  • Based on stories of Jesus' ministry, recorded by followers.
  • Christianity emphasized a spiritual kingdom over earthly power; devotion, love, and a life following Jesus' ways.
  • Jesus' followers developed differing beliefs on his role.
  • Christianity became hierarchical, modeling the Roman Empire.
  • Regional interpretations varied (Greek, Ethiopian, Roman).
  • Roman Emperors' support led to a large, centralized church.
  • Post-Roman decline, the church unified and brokered peace in Europe.
  • The Great Schism (1054 CE) divided Christianity into Catholic (Rome) and Eastern Orthodox (Constantinople) churches.
  • These churches both competed and collaborated, often against Muslim power.

Islam

  • Islam originated with the Prophet Muhammad (c. 570–632 CE).
  • Muhammad was influenced by Jewish and Christian ideas.
  • Muhammad received revelations and recorded them as the Quran.
  • The Quran is considered the direct words of God.
  • Islam unified the Arabian Peninsula.
  • Core tenets include the Five Pillars (faith, prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage).
  • Islam spread by conquest and conversion.
  • Islam experienced splits (Sunni and Shia).
  • Mystical Islamic movements that blended local beliefs arose and endured.
  • Islam connected and influenced diverse regions (even the Mongols and later dynasties).

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Explore the evolution of Judaism before 1450 CE, understanding its origins in Canaan and the significance of the covenant. Discover how Judaic beliefs adapted over time in response to conquests and diaspora, shaping Jewish communities under Islamic and Catholic rule.

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