World Languages and Linguistic Diversity

<p>Linguicide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>French (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because languages are often known by different names stemming from different linguistic backgrounds or regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of modern data recording technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indonesian islands, South American, and African rainforest areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>39,491 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A name given by speakers from outside the language community (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of uniform criteria applied by linguists for differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Existence of a common written ‘roofing’ language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shared written standard for multiple related languages or dialects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intelligibility continuum can cause problems with clear classification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>amic-um (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How names can hold positive or negative value, and can be derogatory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The political and social preferences of its speakers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal inflection using 'umlaut' and 'ablaut' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether the language is used in religious setting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tongue represents the outer language, and language represents the inner language/idiom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysynthetic/incorporating languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local political circumstances and the language's function as a lingua franca. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syntactic relations expressed by word order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal inflection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rejection or disowning of their native language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxation of restrictive language policies by some governments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By adding suffixes and/or prefixes to a root morpheme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locative case (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When it is no longer actively spoken by anyone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tetigi: tango: tactum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is confined to 'inner conversation'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absolutive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agents are marked on the verb or verb complement as 'active' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ergative case (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accusative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Languages with partial ergative features, such as in their nominal or pronominal systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basque (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ergative Languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To illustrate the origin, development, relationships, and chronological order of languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different dialects that evolved from a language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The numeral word they use for 'hundred'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tocharian is geographically located in the East but uses a 'Kentum' word for 'hundred'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Languages at the margin may fail to participate in language development in the linguistic center because of geographical isolation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze the genetic relation of living population groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents the Indo-European original language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assured branches are backed by strong evidence, while speculative branches concern mainly extinct languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

The process of languages dying out, often due to factors like globalization and language shift.

The number of languages spoken worldwide is estimated to be between 6,000 and 7,000.

Languages spoken by small groups of people, often facing the risk of extinction.

The five most spoken languages in the world: Mandarin, English, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, and Russian.

The use of modern technology, such as databases and surveys, has improved our understanding of language diversity.

There is a vast variation in the number of speakers across different languages.

Regions like Indonesian islands, Papua New Guinea, and Amazon rainforests may harbor undiscovered languages.

The same language can have different names depending on the language used to refer to it.

A language variety considered a separate language by its speakers, even if linguistically similar to another language.

A global language like English, used for communication between people speaking different languages.

Languages spoken by small communities, often facing extinction due to various factors.

A language that is no longer spoken by anyone.

A language that is revived after being considered dead.

A language that is used for a specific purpose, like Latin for scientific or religious contexts.

A language that is stigmatized within its own community.

The awareness that different languages exist and are important to preserve.

Different names for the same language, often reflecting different perspectives or social attitudes.

Names for languages given by people outside a particular language community.

The level of understanding between two languages or dialects, often used as a factor in determining language status.

A language used as a standard or official form, often with a literary tradition, which can unify different dialects.

A language spoken by a smaller group of people, often considered a regional variation of a larger language.

The use of criteria like phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and intelligibility to distinguish languages from dialects.

The use of extra-linguistic factors, including political and social contexts, to classify languages and dialects.

The ongoing debate about how to distinguish languages and dialects, considering both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors.

In this type of language, grammatical morphemes are added to the end of words to indicate different grammatical functions.

This describes languages where one word can be a whole sentence, combining multiple meanings into one giant word.

A process where changes within a word's root change its meaning.

Languages that heavily rely on word order to convey meaning, with minimal or no grammatical endings for words.

This is a type of internal inflection where a vowel within a word changes, affecting its meaning.

A process where grammatical morphemes are attached to the end of words (e.g. adding '-s' to make a word plural in English).

This term refers to how languages can combine grammatical morphemes and lexical morphemes to create larger, more complex meanings.

This is a type of internal inflection where consonants within a word change, impacting its meaning.

Languages that use the same case for the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs (nominative) but mark the object of the transitive verb with a different case (accusative).

Languages where the subject of transitive verbs is marked with a different case (ergative) than the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs (absolutive).

A system where the agent of a verb is marked on the verb or verb complement itself using the 'active' marker, regardless of whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.

A case marking system where the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs is marked the same way.

A case marking system where the object of a transitive verb is marked differently from the subject.

The grammatical function of a noun that designates the subject of a transitive verb. In ergative languages, this is marked differently than the subject of intransitive verbs.

The grammatical function of a noun that designates the single argument of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. In ergative languages, this is marked the same way for both functions.

Languages that only partially use ergative or nominative-accusative systems. The same language might have different systems for different tenses or pronouns.

A visual representation of the development and relationships of languages within a family. It resembles a tree with branches representing different languages evolving from a common ancestor.

The earliest ancestor of a group of languages that share common roots. It no longer exists in its pure form but is reconstructed based on similarities between its descendants.

The development of a single language into multiple distinct dialects, each evolving unique characteristics and eventually becoming distinct languages.

The stages of development that languages undergo over time, including changes in grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, and structure.

Languages within a family that are directly descended from the same parent language and share a high degree of similarity.

Languages that are closely related and share common features and ancestry. They often belong to the same branch on a family tree.

Languages that are more distantly related within a family tree and share common features but less closely than daughter languages.

The area where a language originated and later spread. It may not necessarily correlate with modern political borders.