World History Chapter 15 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the modern city that Tenochtitlán corresponds to?

Mexico City

Who invaded the Incan heartland?

Pizarro

What were the Spanish who came to the Americas to conquer known as?

conquistadors

What is a resistance to a disease called?

immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases was NOT one of the particularly devastating ones for Native Americans?

Plague Signup and view all the answers

What is a war fought between groups of people in the same nation called?

civil war Signup and view all the answers

What did both Cortés and Pizarro encounter?

rival Spanish factions Signup and view all the answers

How did the Aztecs treat conquered peoples?

They sacrificed many of them. Signup and view all the answers

How did Malinche help Cortés?

She translated for him. Signup and view all the answers

What happened after Inca leader Atahualpa was kidnapped by the Spanish?

The Inca paid a ransom and he was killed anyway. Signup and view all the answers

Who urged the importation of workers from Africa and later regretted it?

Bartolomé de Las Casas Signup and view all the answers

Through what treaty did Portugal claim Brazil?

Treaty of Tordesillas Signup and view all the answers

What were representatives in the Americas who ruled in the Spanish king's name called?

viceroys Signup and view all the answers

What crop made the West Indies profitable?

sugar cane Signup and view all the answers

What was the right to land and Native American labor that was granted to a conquistador called?

encomienda Signup and view all the answers

What were pirates who had the approval of European governments known as?

privateers Signup and view all the answers

At the top of Spanish colonial society were people born in Spain, called?

peninsulares Signup and view all the answers

What was the Spanish lawmaking body for the colonies?

Council of the Indies Signup and view all the answers

What were workers forced to work off a debt known as?

peons Signup and view all the answers

What were American-born descendants of Spanish settlers called?

creoles Signup and view all the answers

What are conquistadors?

conquerors Signup and view all the answers

What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlan Signup and view all the answers

What does compel mean?

to force Signup and view all the answers

What is a civil war?

A civil war is fought between groups of people in the same nation. Signup and view all the answers

What were the people of Native American and European descent called?

Mestizos Signup and view all the answers

What were the people of African and European descent called?

Mulattoes Signup and view all the answers

What was the first French permanent settlement in Canada?

Quebec Signup and view all the answers

What is income from all kinds of taxes called?

revenue Signup and view all the answers

What did the southern colonies rely on for profits?

cash crops such as tobacco Signup and view all the answers

At the end of the Seven Years' War, what lands did France give Britain in North America?

Canada and lands east of the Mississippi River Signup and view all the answers

Why did the French first cross the Atlantic to Canada?

fish Signup and view all the answers

What did the French call Canada?

New France Signup and view all the answers

What ensured British dominance in North America?

Treaty of Paris Signup and view all the answers

What was the war between Britain and France during the 1700s called?

French and Indian War Signup and view all the answers

What were English navigators searching for along the northeast coast of North America?

northwest passage to Asia Signup and view all the answers

The Pilgrims made a __________, or agreement, before coming ashore.

compact Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Pilgrims land?

Plymouth, Massachusetts Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Pilgrims?

English Protestants who rejected the Church of England Signup and view all the answers

Where did the English build their first colony?

Jamestown, VA Signup and view all the answers

What does prevail mean?

to triumph Signup and view all the answers

What officially ended the worldwide war in 1763?

Treaty of Paris Signup and view all the answers

What did the Treaty of Paris ensure?

British dominance in North America Signup and view all the answers

What Venetian navigator found rich fishing grounds off Newfoundland, claiming it for England?

John Cabot Signup and view all the answers

Who established the first French settlement in Quebec?

Samuel de Champlain Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the St. Lawrence River?

Jacques Cartier Signup and view all the answers

What was the encomienda system?

a system in which the Spanish had the right to demand labor from Native Americans Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Church in colonial education?

The Church fostered the creation of universities in the colonies to provide for the education of priests Signup and view all the answers

What was Brazil's economy based on?

the cutting and exportation of brazilwood, plantation agriculture, and cattle ranching Signup and view all the answers

Why did French settlers abandon farming in favor of fur trapping and trading?

They found farming difficult in the cold climate and much less profitable than trapping and trading Signup and view all the answers

What were the reasons the English colonies were established?

as commercial ventures for profit and as havens from persecution Signup and view all the answers

Why was the French and Indian War fought?

It was fought to determine which country, either France or Britain, would have dominance over North America Signup and view all the answers

New England developed what industry to benefit from the Atlantic trade network?

shipbuilding Signup and view all the answers

Because of the number of deaths aboard slave ships, they were known as?

floating coffins Signup and view all the answers

From where were most African slaves taken?

inland villages Signup and view all the answers

How many enslaved Africans are believed to have reached the Americas?

11 million Signup and view all the answers

What was the stretch in the trade network from Africa to the Americas called?

Middle Passage Signup and view all the answers

Revolts by crew or captives on a boat are called?

mutinies Signup and view all the answers

What Massachusetts port city grew wealthy from trade with Europe?

Salem Signup and view all the answers

What African wrote a narrative about the slave trade in English in 1789?

Olaudah Equiano Signup and view all the answers

Molasses was often turned into what for shipment to Europe?

rum Signup and view all the answers

What were trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas called?

triangular trade Signup and view all the answers

Describe the triangular trade route.

On the first leg, merchant ships brought European goods to Africa. In Africa, the merchants traded these goods for slaves. On the second leg, known as the Middle Passage, the slaves were transported to the Americas. There, the enslaved Africans were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other products manufactured. On the final leg, merchants carried sugar, molasses, cotton, and other American goods such as furs, salt fish, and rum made from molasses. The goods were shipped to Europe, where they were traded at a profit for the European commodities that merchants needed to return to Europe. Signup and view all the answers

What does commodity mean?

anything bought and sold Signup and view all the answers

What does restrained mean?

to keep under control Signup and view all the answers

How did enslaved Africans resist captivity?

by trying to escape, overcoming their captors, or killing themselves Signup and view all the answers

How did the slave trade affect Africans?

millions of Africans were enslaved and killed, destroying lives and disrupting societies Signup and view all the answers

The system used to bypass the guilds in Europe was the __________ system.

putting-out Signup and view all the answers

Countries that established foreign trading monopolies were following the policy of?

mercantilism Signup and view all the answers

Why were potatoes such an important crop in Europe?

They were easy to grow and store Signup and view all the answers

What fueled inflation in Europe?

the importation of silver and gold Signup and view all the answers

What benefited the nomadic peoples of western North America from European importation?

horses Signup and view all the answers

What is an increase in overall prices called?

inflation Signup and view all the answers

What is an economic system in which most businesses are privately owned called?

capitalism Signup and view all the answers

What are taxes on imported goods called?

tariffs Signup and view all the answers

Who are the people who take on financial risks to make profits?

entrepreneurs Signup and view all the answers

Which group did not profit from mercantilist societies?

nobles Signup and view all the answers

What was the vast global exchange started by Columbus known as?

Columbian Exchange Signup and view all the answers

What does dispersal mean?

to scatter Signup and view all the answers

What is inflation?

A rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics must a society have for capitalism to be possible?

Must allow individuals to take risks to make a profit; it must also have money for investment Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when rising prices are coupled with inflation?

price revolution Signup and view all the answers

What effect did European exploration have on Native American populations?

It decimated the Native American population through deadly diseases, killing, and brutalization of Indian workers Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tenochtitlán and Spanish Conquest

Tenochtitlán is the ancient capital of the Aztec Empire, located in modern-day Mexico City.
Francisco Pizarro invaded the Incan heartland, showcasing Spanish conquests in Latin America.
Conquistadors were Spanish explorers and conquerors who sought to expand Spain's territories in the Americas.

Diseases and Resistance

Immunity refers to the body's resistance to diseases, which significantly impacted Native American populations during European colonization.
The plague was not among the diseases that devastated Native Americans; smallpox and influenza were particularly harmful.

Civil and Colonial Dynamics

A civil war occurs when factions within the same nation conflict, as seen in various colonial situations.
Both Hernán Cortés and Pizarro faced rival Spanish factions during their conquests, complicating their missions.
The Aztecs often sacrificed conquered peoples, highlighting their brutal methods of maintaining dominance.

Key Figures and Events

Malinche, an indigenous woman, aided Cortés by serving as his translator, facilitating communication and strategy.
Atahualpa, the Inca leader, was kidnapped by Spanish forces, leading to a ransom payment but ultimately his execution.
Bartolomé de Las Casas initially advocated for importing African workers and later expressed regret over this decision.

Colonial Administration and Economy

The Treaty of Tordesillas established Portuguese claims over Brazil, dividing new lands between Portugal and Spain.
Viceroys acted as representatives of the Spanish crown in the Americas, governing colonial territories.
Sugar cane became a lucrative crop in the West Indies, driving economic activities in the region.

The encomienda system allowed Spanish settlers to demand labor from Native Americans, often resulting in exploitation.
Peninsulares were individuals born in Spain who held the highest social status in colonial society, followed by creoles (American-born Spaniards).
Peons were laborers working off debts, often trapped in a cycle of poverty and exploitation.

Colonial Expansion and Trade

Quebec was the first permanent French settlement in Canada, showcasing France's ambitions in North America.
The British dominance over North America was solidified through the Treaty of Paris after the French and Indian War, which determined territorial claims.
The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of goods, enslaved labor, and commodities.

Slave Trade and Resistance

The horrific conditions of the Middle Passage involved the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas, where approximately 11 million were forced into slavery.
Mutinies were revolts by enslaved captives aboard slave ships, reflecting ongoing resistance to oppression.
Individuals like Olaudah Equiano documented the slave trade experience, raising awareness about its impacts.

Economic Systems and Effects

Mercantilism was a dominant economic policy aiming to enrich nations through trade monopolies and colonies.
Inflation in Europe was partly driven by the influx of silver and gold, affecting prices and economic stability.
Capitalism relied on private ownership and risk-taking for profit, facilitating economic growth in European societies.

Cultural Exchange and Impact

The Columbian Exchange drastically transformed societies and environments worldwide, exchanging plants, animals, and diseases.
The introduction of horses greatly benefited nomadic tribes in Western North America, changing their lifestyles and mobility.
The concept of a price revolution occurred when rising prices coincided with inflation, transforming economic conditions.

Summary of Effects on Native Americans

European exploration led to the decimation of Native American populations due to diseases, warfare, and exploitation, fundamentally changing their societies and cultures.

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Test your knowledge of Chapter 15 of World History with these flashcards. This chapter covers significant events and figures, including the Conquistadors and the impact of diseases in the Americas. Sharpen your understanding of historical connections and key terms.