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Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe the spread of English language across the world?
Which of the following countries is classified under the Inner Circle, according to Braj Kachru's model?
What is the name of the model that describes the evolution of postcolonial Englishes?
What are the 4 parameters in Schneider's Dynamic Model?
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What type of countries are classified under the Expanding Circle, according to Kachru's model?
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What results from the competencies in two or more languages?
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What is emphasized by the term 'World Englishes'?
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What is one of the consequences of long-term contact between English speakers and multilingual and multicultural contexts?
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What is an example of the use of English between two speakers, neither of whom speak English as a native language?
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What is a feature of 'World Englishes'?
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Study Notes
• The concept of "World Englishes" refers to the diverse forms of English language used globally, with variations in function, form, and sociolinguistic context.
• Braj Kachru's Three Concentric Circles model (1985) categorizes countries into three groups: the Inner Circle (native English speakers, e.g., USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand), the Outer Circle (institutionalized English, e.g., India, Nigeria, Malaysia), and the Expanding Circle (English as a foreign language, e.g., China, Japan, Korea).
• The Outer Circle countries have English as a second language (ESL), while the Expanding Circle countries have English as a foreign language (EFL).
• Schneider's Dynamic Model (2003, 2007) describes the evolutionary cycle of postcolonial Englishes, considering four parameters: extralinguistic background, identity constructions, sociolinguistic determinants, and linguistic consequences.
• The use of English between non-native speakers can lead to creative linguistic processes, such as bilingual creativity, and result in unique language forms.
• Long-term contact between English speakers and multilingual/multicultural contexts can lead to nativization and acculturation of English.
• The term "World Englishes" emphasizes the diversity of English language forms and acknowledges the 'WE-ness' of global English users, rather than distinguishing between native and non-native speakers.
• Examples of World Englishes include language variations such as "A is for Ambrella" and the use of English in stationery for non-native speakers.
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Description
Explore the concept of World Englishes and its three concentric circles, including the Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle, and their significance in English language teaching and learning.
