Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the aim of the Bretton Woods agreement?
What was the aim of the Bretton Woods agreement?
- Creating a single global currency
- Institutionalizing open economic relations (correct)
- Promoting protectionist trade policies
- Imposing strict capital controls
What was the unique international currency under the Bretton Woods agreement?
What was the unique international currency under the Bretton Woods agreement?
- Euro
- British pound
- Japanese yen
- US dollar (correct)
What did the fixed exchange rates mean under the Bretton Woods agreement?
What did the fixed exchange rates mean under the Bretton Woods agreement?
- Currencies were pegged to a basket of commodities
- Each currency had a fixed exchange rate to the US dollar (correct)
- Exchange rates were determined by market forces
- Exchange rates fluctuated widely
What was one of the innovations of the Bretton Woods agreement?
What was one of the innovations of the Bretton Woods agreement?
Which system was established by the Bretton Woods agreement?
Which system was established by the Bretton Woods agreement?
What limitations did European countries face in adjusting to payment imbalances under the Bretton Woods agreement?
What limitations did European countries face in adjusting to payment imbalances under the Bretton Woods agreement?
What impact did foreign demand for dollars have on the USA under the Bretton Woods agreement?
What impact did foreign demand for dollars have on the USA under the Bretton Woods agreement?
Which institutions were created as a result of the Bretton Woods agreement?
Which institutions were created as a result of the Bretton Woods agreement?
During which period did the Golden Age of capitalism occur?
During which period did the Golden Age of capitalism occur?
What factors contributed to the significant increase in economic growth during the Golden Age of capitalism?
What factors contributed to the significant increase in economic growth during the Golden Age of capitalism?
What were the main characteristics of the Stalinist model of industrialization?
What were the main characteristics of the Stalinist model of industrialization?
What were the basic contradictions faced by central planning committees in the Stalinist model?
What were the basic contradictions faced by central planning committees in the Stalinist model?
What factors led to decolonization after WWII?
What factors led to decolonization after WWII?
Why were central planning deficiencies and consumer dissatisfaction less relevant during early stages of industrialization?
Why were central planning deficiencies and consumer dissatisfaction less relevant during early stages of industrialization?
Flashcards
Bretton Woods Aim
Bretton Woods Aim
To establish and maintain open economic relationships among nations.
Bretton Woods Currency
Bretton Woods Currency
The US dollar acted as the primary international currency.
Fixed Exchange Rates
Fixed Exchange Rates
Each country fixed its currency exchange rate relative to the US dollar.
Adjustable Fixed Rates
Adjustable Fixed Rates
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Dollar-Gold Standard
Dollar-Gold Standard
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Adjustment Limitations
Adjustment Limitations
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Impact on the USA
Impact on the USA
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Bretton Woods Institutions
Bretton Woods Institutions
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Golden Age Period
Golden Age Period
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Growth Factors
Growth Factors
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Stalinist Model
Stalinist Model
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Central Planning Problems
Central Planning Problems
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Decolonization Factors
Decolonization Factors
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Early Stage Irrelevance
Early Stage Irrelevance
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Study Notes
- The Bretton Woods agreement established a dollar-gold standard system in which European countries faced limitations in adjusting to payment imbalances through interest rates or exchange rates, leading to the implementation of exchange and capital controls.
- The system was not symmetrical as the USA could run deficits due to foreign demand for dollars, impacting monetary policy of other countries.
- The Bretton Woods agreement led to the creation of new monetary and credit institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, aiming to maintain stable exchange rates and foster development respectively.
- During the Golden Age of capitalism from the 1950s to 1970s, there was a significant increase in economic growth and convergence among OECD countries, spread of industrialization to poor regions, and growth factors including supply and demand.
- The Stalinist model of industrialization involved central planning, prioritizing heavy industry, elimination of markets and democratic mechanisms, and resulting in inefficiencies and waste of resources.
- Central planning committees faced basic contradictions such as lack of accurate information, lack of incentives, and lack of innovation, leading to dysfunctions and inefficiencies.
- Decolonization process after WWII led to independence for one-third of the world population, driven by nationalist movements and international support, affecting main regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
- Factors leading to decolonization included European countries' lack of resources and political support to suppress far-away revolts, and the emergence of nationalist movements and international support for independence.
- Central planning deficiencies and consumer dissatisfaction were less relevant during early stages of industrialization, but became significant issues as basic goals were achieved and the Stalinist model eliminated markets and democratic mechanisms for efficient resource allocation.
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