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Questions and Answers
Metals made tools and weapons weaker and less effective.
Metals made tools and weapons weaker and less effective.
False
Civilizations typically did not rely on a continuous food supply to support their cities.
Civilizations typically did not rely on a continuous food supply to support their cities.
False
The first civilizations were usually led by a democracy.
The first civilizations were usually led by a democracy.
False
Social structure in early civilizations was based on economic power, which included both upper class and slave class.
Social structure in early civilizations was based on economic power, which included both upper class and slave class.
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Ancient Mesopotamia was characterized by monotheistic beliefs.
Ancient Mesopotamia was characterized by monotheistic beliefs.
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The Nile River provided natural barriers that protected Ancient Egyptians from invasions.
The Nile River provided natural barriers that protected Ancient Egyptians from invasions.
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Writing was utilized primarily for creative expressions and not for record keeping.
Writing was utilized primarily for creative expressions and not for record keeping.
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The Fertile Crescent had annual flooding which contributed to its fertile soil and abundant crops.
The Fertile Crescent had annual flooding which contributed to its fertile soil and abundant crops.
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Ancient Egyptians are known for their achievements in mathematics and geometry.
Ancient Egyptians are known for their achievements in mathematics and geometry.
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Art was an unimportant aspect of early civilizations.
Art was an unimportant aspect of early civilizations.
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Citizens of Sparta were primarily educated in the art of trade.
Citizens of Sparta were primarily educated in the art of trade.
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The government of Athens transitioned from being ruled by aristocrats to being ruled by kings in the 7th century.
The government of Athens transitioned from being ruled by aristocrats to being ruled by kings in the 7th century.
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Draco is known for establishing lenient penalties for debts in Athens.
Draco is known for establishing lenient penalties for debts in Athens.
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The Greeks had a total of over 300,000 troops during the Persian War.
The Greeks had a total of over 300,000 troops during the Persian War.
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Alexander the Great successfully took control of the Indian subcontinent without opposition.
Alexander the Great successfully took control of the Indian subcontinent without opposition.
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The Hellenistic culture was a blend of Greek and Eastern cultures.
The Hellenistic culture was a blend of Greek and Eastern cultures.
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After Alexander's death, the Macedonian generals united to maintain control of the empire.
After Alexander's death, the Macedonian generals united to maintain control of the empire.
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Four major Hellenistic kingdoms were established after the death of Alexander: Egypt, Syria, Pergamum, and Macedonia.
Four major Hellenistic kingdoms were established after the death of Alexander: Egypt, Syria, Pergamum, and Macedonia.
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Alexander died at the age of 35 in 323 B.C.
Alexander died at the age of 35 in 323 B.C.
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The Greeks relied primarily on Persian rulers for governance after Alexander's death.
The Greeks relied primarily on Persian rulers for governance after Alexander's death.
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Hieroglyphics were primarily used for business transactions.
Hieroglyphics were primarily used for business transactions.
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The Phoenicians alphabet consisted of 22 signs that represented sounds.
The Phoenicians alphabet consisted of 22 signs that represented sounds.
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Judaism was the first religion to worship multiple gods.
Judaism was the first religion to worship multiple gods.
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The Indus Valley Civilization lacked advanced urban planning.
The Indus Valley Civilization lacked advanced urban planning.
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Monsoons were crucial for agriculture in India.
Monsoons were crucial for agriculture in India.
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The Shang society included mainly peasants and farmers.
The Shang society included mainly peasants and farmers.
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The Zhou dynasty favored the rule and practices of the Shang dynasty.
The Zhou dynasty favored the rule and practices of the Shang dynasty.
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The Chinese believed in oracle bones as a means to communicate with gods.
The Chinese believed in oracle bones as a means to communicate with gods.
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The Romans developed the alphabet we use today based exclusively on Greek influences.
The Romans developed the alphabet we use today based exclusively on Greek influences.
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The Israelites had a strong belief in multiple gods, akin to earlier religions.
The Israelites had a strong belief in multiple gods, akin to earlier religions.
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Historians depend solely on written records to depict the past.
Historians depend solely on written records to depict the past.
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The earliest hominids are believed to have existed around 4 million years ago.
The earliest hominids are believed to have existed around 4 million years ago.
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Homo habilis is known as the 'handy human' and is characterized by having a smaller brain than its ancestors.
Homo habilis is known as the 'handy human' and is characterized by having a smaller brain than its ancestors.
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Homo erectus is believed to have emerged around 1.5 million years ago and was the first hominid to leave Africa.
Homo erectus is believed to have emerged around 1.5 million years ago and was the first hominid to leave Africa.
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Anthropologists study human life and cultures using artifacts and fossils.
Anthropologists study human life and cultures using artifacts and fossils.
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The Leakeys are renowned for their discovery of a hominid that is 1.8 million years old in East Africa.
The Leakeys are renowned for their discovery of a hominid that is 1.8 million years old in East Africa.
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Homo sapiens first appeared approximately 500,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens first appeared approximately 500,000 years ago.
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Archaeologists study the present, while anthropologists study the past.
Archaeologists study the present, while anthropologists study the past.
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The analysis of bones can help scientists determine the diets of early humans.
The analysis of bones can help scientists determine the diets of early humans.
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All hominids walked on four legs, similar to modern-day apes.
All hominids walked on four legs, similar to modern-day apes.
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The Tiber River provided Rome with direct access to the sea and protection from pirates.
The Tiber River provided Rome with direct access to the sea and protection from pirates.
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Augustus, also known as Caesar, accepted the title of dictator for life without opposition.
Augustus, also known as Caesar, accepted the title of dictator for life without opposition.
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The First Triumvirate included Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Mark Antony.
The First Triumvirate included Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Mark Antony.
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Crassus was killed in battle, leading to conflict between Pompey and Caesar.
Crassus was killed in battle, leading to conflict between Pompey and Caesar.
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Rome's expansion was significantly influenced by the Greeks and Estrucans.
Rome's expansion was significantly influenced by the Greeks and Estrucans.
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The First Punic War started in 264 B.C. due to territorial disputes with Carthage.
The First Punic War started in 264 B.C. due to territorial disputes with Carthage.
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After Julius Caesar's assassination, peace was restored in Rome immediately.
After Julius Caesar's assassination, peace was restored in Rome immediately.
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Octavian, along with Antony and Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate after Julius Caesar's death.
Octavian, along with Antony and Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate after Julius Caesar's death.
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Augustus was originally known as Octavian before he became emperor.
Augustus was originally known as Octavian before he became emperor.
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The Appenine Mountains are located on the eastern coast of Italy.
The Appenine Mountains are located on the eastern coast of Italy.
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The Zhou dynasty lasted for 800 years, making it the longest lasting dynasty in Chinese history.
The Zhou dynasty lasted for 800 years, making it the longest lasting dynasty in Chinese history.
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The Shang dynasty established a single capital city that lasted throughout its rule.
The Shang dynasty established a single capital city that lasted throughout its rule.
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The king in the Zhou dynasty was viewed as a connection between heaven and earth.
The king in the Zhou dynasty was viewed as a connection between heaven and earth.
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Mountains and deserts facilitated communication between the Chinese and other regions of Asia.
Mountains and deserts facilitated communication between the Chinese and other regions of Asia.
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The climate in China significantly influenced by elevations and monsoons.
The climate in China significantly influenced by elevations and monsoons.
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Sparta was governed by a democracy with multiple elected officials.
Sparta was governed by a democracy with multiple elected officials.
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Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet during the Dark Ages.
Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet during the Dark Ages.
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The population and food production in Greece increased during the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization.
The population and food production in Greece increased during the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization.
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Greece's coastline measures approximately 8,500 miles.
Greece's coastline measures approximately 8,500 miles.
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Archaeologists found multiple small buildings built in Shang China.
Archaeologists found multiple small buildings built in Shang China.
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Study Notes
World Cultures and History Midterm Study Guide
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Chapter 1: The Rise of Civilizations (Additional Study Aid: Jeopardy)
- Prehistory/Early Development: Historians used written records and documents, along with radiocarbon dating, thermoluminescence, microscopic, and biological analyses to understand the past. Scientists studying prehistoric times must rely on evidence from artifacts and fossils.
- Archaeology: Studying early societies by analyzing artifacts like tools, weapons, and art. Analyzing artifacts helps understand social and military structures, while bones and other remains reveal diet and activities.
- Anthropology: Using artifacts and fossils to depict average human life and cultures. Archaeology focuses on the past; anthropology focuses on the present.
- Types of Hominids:
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Early Hominids: Human-like creatures that walked upright, appearing around 4 million years ago.
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Homo Habilis: A more advanced hominid, having a larger brain. This species is believed to have used stone tools.
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Homo erectus: An even more advanced hominid, appearing around 1.5 million years ago. This species had body proportions and limb structure similar to modern humans and was the first to leave Africa.
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Homo sapiens: Evolved around 250,000 years ago; known for successfully using fire.
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Homo sapiens sapiens: Meaning "wise wise human." Evolved around 200,000 years ago and spread across the globe, replacing Neanderthals.
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Chapter 2: The Spread of Civilizations (Additional Study Aid: Jeopardy)
- Ancient Egypt: Geography: The Nile River provided a natural transportation route and protection from invasions. Flooding was vital for crops.
- Religion: Ancient Egyptian religion was polytheistic.
- Ancient Egyptian Accomplishments: Included advancements in architecture (pyramids, temples), mathematics (geometry, calendar), and hieroglyphic writing.
- Writing and Language: Rulers, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing for record-keeping; art was used for creative expression.
- The Fertile Crescent: Mesopotamia's location between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, possessing fertile soil, annual flooding, and abundant crops, led to the development of one of the first civilizations.
- Ancient Mesopotamia and Sumerians: Known for polytheistic beliefs, a theocratic government, and heavy reliance on farming, trade, and industry.
- Phoenicians Alphabet: Simplified their alphabet to 22 signs, influencing the Greek alphabet, one of the foundations of the Roman alphabet.
- The Israelites and Judaism: Introduced the concept of worshipping one god, differentiating them from earlier polytheistic religions.
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Chapter 3: Ancient Greece
- Geography and Climate: Greece's mountainous terrain and numerous seas and islands led to relative isolation.
- Dark Ages in Ancient Greece: Collapse of Mycenaean civilization led to population decline and food shortages. Iron tools helped improve food production.
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Chapter 4: Ancient Rome
- Geography and Climate: Ancient Rome was located in the Italian peninsula with access to the sea, aided by the Tiber River and Apennine mountains, impacting trade routes and settlement patterns.
- Augustus: The first Roman Emperor. After a period of conflict, began the Roman Empire.
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General Concepts:
- Neolithic Revolution: Shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
- Systematic Agriculture: The transition from hunting and gathering to animal husbandry and farming.
- Importance of Stone Tools: Enhancing human survival and the development of better tools and weapons.
- Importance of Fire: Provided warmth, protection, and cooking capabilities, thereby improving nutrition.
- City Characteristics: Emergence of settled communities.
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Description
Prepare for your World Cultures and History midterm with this study guide focused on Chapter 1: The Rise of Civilizations. Explore prehistory, archaeology, and anthropology along with significant types of early hominids. This comprehensive guide will help you understand the foundations of human societies through their artifacts and cultural evolution.
