Workplace Safety Hazards

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Questions and Answers

What type of injury is caused solely from stress imposed by free movement of the body or assumption of a strained or unnatural body position?

Surface cause

Root cause

Overexposure

Bodily reaction (correct)

What is the primary focus of the system causation theory in accident investigation?

Fixing the blame

Disciplining employees

Fixing the system (correct)

Finding the root cause only

Why is it important to conduct an accident investigation?

To determine who is to blame

To write a report

To prevent the reoccurrence of the accident (correct)

To discipline employees

How many competent persons should investigate an accident?

At least two Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the accident investigation report?

To make recommendations to correct hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the seventh step in the seven-step process for effectively investigating accidents?

Write the report Signup and view all the answers

What should be corrected on the spot or as soon as possible?

Surface causes Signup and view all the answers

What is not a characteristic of accident investigation?

The purpose is to determine the blame Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a purpose of the OSHA recordkeeping system?

To collect and analyze nationwide data on occupational injuries and illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Who has the right to access the OSHA injury and illness records?

Employees, former employees, their personal representatives, and their authorized employee representatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Workers' Compensation?

To provide medical coverage and compensation for workers who are killed, injured or made ill at work Signup and view all the answers

What must an employer do if OSHA or the BLS informs them in writing that they must keep records?

Start keeping OSHA records Signup and view all the answers

When must an employer provide a copy of the relevant OSHA 300 Log(s)?

By the end of the next business day Signup and view all the answers

How many establishments require separate OSHA 300 Logs?

Each establishment that you expect to operate for 1-year or longer Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for an injury or illness to be considered work-related?

If an event or exposure in the work environment caused, contributed to, or significantly aggravated the condition Signup and view all the answers

What is OSHA Form 300 used for?

To classify work-related injuries and illnesses and to note the extent and severity of each case Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the OSHA 300A form?

To summarize work-related injuries and illnesses at the end of the year Signup and view all the answers

What is an equivalent form to the OSHA Form 301?

A form with the same information, readability, and understandability as the OSHA Form 301 Signup and view all the answers

When must the OSHA 300A form be submitted to OSHA?

No later than March 2 of the year after the calendar year covered by the form Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for recording a work-related injury or illness on the OSHA 300 Log and OSHA Form 301?

Within 7 calendar days of receiving information Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a safety culture according to OSHA?

A combination of an organization's attitudes, behaviors, and values Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for determining a recordable injury or illness?

First aid treatment only Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the OSHA Form 301?

To provide additional information for each recordable injury or illness entered on the OSHA 300 Log Signup and view all the answers

Who is exempt from keeping the OSHA Form 301 or equivalent?

No employers, all must keep the OSHA Form 301 or equivalent Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of accidents are attributed to unsafe acts according to Heinrich's Domino Theory?

88% Signup and view all the answers

Which management style allows employees to participate in the decision-making process and gives subordinates some latitude in carrying out their work?

Permissive Democrat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Energy Release Theory?

Energy transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that accidents are entirely the result of human error?

Human Factors Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Chaos Theory?

Small differences in initial conditions yield widely diverging outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of Heinrich's Domino Theory?

Ergonomic traps Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Education' component in Heinrich's Domino Theory?

To train workers on safety procedures Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that accidents result from a combination of factors, including human error, system failures, and ergonomic traps?

Combination Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reviewing inspection records in a health and safety program audit?

To determine if serious hazards are being found and addressed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of employee interviews in a health and safety program audit?

To evaluate the quality of health and safety training and culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of worksite analysis in a health and safety program?

To identify present and potential hazards in the workplace Signup and view all the answers

What is Management by Walking Around (MBWA) used for?

To continuously evaluate the health and safety effectiveness of a program Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of employee involvement in a health and safety program?

To provide a means for workers to develop and express their commitment to health and safety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Job Hazard Analysis form?

To identify and analyze hazards in the workplace Signup and view all the answers

What is the seventh section of the ANSI Z10 standard?

Management Review Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of estimating the 'return on investment' (ROI) in a health and safety program?

To determine the cost-benefit of implementing health and safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of an employer regarding employee medical records and exposure records?

To provide access to the records to employees or their authorized representatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an OSHA inspection?

To identify and correct hazards in the workplace Signup and view all the answers

What is the first priority of OSHA inspections?

Imminent danger situations Signup and view all the answers

What must an employer do after receiving an OSHA citation?

Post the citation for 3 days or until the violation has been abated, whichever is longer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of OSHA recordkeeping regulations?

To keep records of fatalities, injuries, and illnesses that are work-related Signup and view all the answers

What is an employee's right regarding safety and health on the job?

To expect safety and health on the job without fear of reprisal Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of an employer during an OSHA inspection?

To require identification of the OSHA compliance officer Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of refusing to admit an OSHA compliance officer during an inspection?

The compliance officer will obtain a warrant for inspection purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the legal environment in which manufacturers operate?

Seller beware Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the experience modifier in workers' compensation?

To adjust the premium based on the company's past experience Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that holds a master liable for any negligence of their servant acting within the scope of employment?

Master-servant relationship Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of eliminating a behavior, including unsafe acts?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent of the British Standards Institute, BS OHSAS 18001?

Z10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the premium for workers' compensation insurance?

Premium = (Payroll/$100) * Rate * Experience Modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a supplier introducing a modification to a product?

To minimize liability risks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step in the lawsuit process?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)?

To identify hazards associated with each step of a job Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Gross Hazard Analysis?

To develop hypotheses for an accident investigation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP)?

To predict the likelihood of human error Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a mentor from outside the facility?

To coach people inside the facility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of keeping records of incidents, training, and exposures?

To track safety equipment and conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the bathtub curve?

To trace the typical failure rate of a product over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary principle underlying Argyris' theory of employee behavior?

Employees will behave in a manner consistent with how they are treated. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the '3 E's' of safety, as proposed by Heinrich?

To engineer out hazards, educate employees, and enforce safety rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of a parallel system in terms of reliability?

It is less susceptible to single-point failures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fault tolerance in a system?

To minimize the impact of system failures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using spiked samples and blanks in quality control?

To ensure the accuracy of the instrument calibration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of converting logarithmically distributed data to a normal distribution?

To allow for the use of statistical analysis techniques. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for avoiding the use of audio and video recordings during witness interviews?

It can make the witness feel nervous and less likely to provide information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using a Likert scale in attitude surveys?

It allows for the measurement of attitudes on a scale rather than a simple 'yes' or 'no' response. Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential elements of an effective accountability system?

Established standards, resources, a measurement system, consequences, and application Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of traditional measurements of safety performance, such as TCIRs and DARTs?

They have limited or no use in predicting future incidents Signup and view all the answers

What is a major problem with using injury/illness rates in health and safety performance management?

Underreporting, events are a matter-of-chance, and actual injury rates are no indication of the severity or potential severity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an effective measurement system in health and safety performance management?

To indicate where you currently are and measure periodically as to where you want to be Signup and view all the answers

What is the prerequisite for effective health and safety goals and objectives?

SMART, which represents Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic/Relevant, and Time-bound Signup and view all the answers

What are the three dimensions of measurement in health and safety performance management?

Compliance, deployment, and capability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a health and safety program audit?

To determine whether or not significant progress is being made in the overall goals and objectives of the health and safety program Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of any leading indicator in health and safety performance management?

It engages employees and supervisors in the safety program Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the OSHA?

To encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards Signup and view all the answers

Who is covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act?

All private sector employers with one or more workers Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of OSHA's horizontal standards?

To provide general safety regulations for all industries Signup and view all the answers

What is an employer's responsibility regarding workplace conditions?

To examine workplace conditions to ensure compliance with applicable standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of OSHA's record-keeping system?

To monitor job-related injuries and illnesses Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of refusing to admit an OSHA compliance officer during an inspection?

A fine and a court order Signup and view all the answers

What is an employer's responsibility regarding OSHA-required records?

To keep OSHA-required records Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an OSHA inspection?

To ensure compliance with OSHA standards and regulations Signup and view all the answers

Which employers are exempt from keeping OSHA injury and illness records?

Those with 10 or fewer employees at all times during the last calendar year Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of OSHA Form 300?

To classify work-related injuries and illnesses and to note the extent and severity of each case Signup and view all the answers

Who has the right to access the OSHA injury and illness records?

Employees, former employees, their personal representatives, and their authorized employee representatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) programs?

Motivating employees to behave safely through positive consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a safety sample in a BBS program?

To collect observational data on workplace safety Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the OSHA recordkeeping system?

To collect, compile, and analyze uniform and consistent nationwide data on occupational injuries and illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the ABCs of Behavior, which includes Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence?

Geller Signup and view all the answers

When must an employer provide a copy of the relevant OSHA 300 Log(s)?

By the end of the next business day Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis is used to determine the return on investment for training costs?

Cost-benefit analysis Signup and view all the answers

How many establishments require separate OSHA 300 Logs?

Each establishment that operates for 1 year or longer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of accidents, according to the Energy Release Theory?

Energy release Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for an injury or illness to be considered work-related?

If the event or exposure in the work environment caused, contributed to, or significantly aggravated the condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Gantt chart in project management?

To show the timeline for project activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Workers' Compensation?

To provide medical coverage and compensation for workers who are killed, injured or made ill at work Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of a BBS program's observational data collection?

Collecting data on the effectiveness of line managers' safety activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a context analysis in training needs assessment?

To determine the type of training needed by an organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating the ROI in a health and safety program?

To show the financial return on investment in corrective actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the ROI?

COST ÷ INVESTMENT X 100 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of estimating the payback period?

To determine how quickly the investment will pay for itself Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the payback period?

INVESTMENT ÷ (COST ÷ MONTHS) Signup and view all the answers

What type of chart is used to show the progress, interdependencies, and critical paths in a project?

PERT Chart Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of calculating the ROI and payback period in a health and safety program?

It helps to demonstrate the financial benefits of investing in health and safety initiatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of presenting the ROI and payback period to management?

To show the financial return on investment in corrective actions Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to present the ROI and payback period in a health and safety program?

To demonstrate the financial benefits of investing in health and safety initiatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the Experience Modification Rate?

Adjusted Actual Losses + Ballast / Expected Losses + Ballast Signup and view all the answers

What type of lawsuits can an employee file against a third party?

Negligence, strict liability, and product liability Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for workers' compensation insurance premiums?

Employee payroll forms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of self-insurance for workers' compensation?

To create a large reserve fund to ensure claims are paid Signup and view all the answers

What type of liability requires a plaintiff to prove a product was defective?

Negligence Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of maintaining medical, legal, and safety staff in self-insurance?

To administer the program and resolve problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the average cost of workers' compensation insurance per $100 of payroll?

$2.00 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of implied warranty?

To ensure product quality Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Argyris' theory?

Employees treated like children and/or adults will act like such Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Education' component in Heinrich's Domino Theory?

To educate employees on safety procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Likert scale?

To measure attitude preference and subjective reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that machine A will produce a defect?

1.25 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fault tolerance?

To allow the system to function even if one component fails Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a t-test?

To analyze normally distributed data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)?

A deductive 'top-down' technique to identify hazards Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of converting lognormally distributed data to logarithms?

To make the data normally distributed Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of classifying failure impacts?

To prioritize remedial actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an Event Tree Analysis (ETA)?

To evaluate the success or failure of a system Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a 'what-if' analysis?

To evaluate hypothetical situations and their consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA)?

To identify physical and functional incompatibilities between adjacent elements Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of accidents are attributed to unsafe acts according to Heinrich's Domino Theory?

88% Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?

To conduct an initial effort to identify potentially hazardous components during the design phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT)?

To identify total risk inherent in the system and arising from operational/management inadequacies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the accident/incident theory?

Combination of human error and system failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reviewing inspection records in a health and safety program audit?

To evaluate the effectiveness of safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Critical Incident Technique (CIT)?

To conduct interviews with individuals about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone)?

To help identify the influencing factors that lead to a particular outcome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of employee interviews in a health and safety program audit?

Gaining insight into employee perspectives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of worksite analysis in a health and safety program?

Identifying hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an OSHA inspection?

To identify hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of incident investigations?

To identify root causes of accidents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of statistical analysis in incident investigations?

To identify trends and patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)?

To identify potentially hazardous components within a system during the design phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of a 'what-if' analysis?

To identify potential hazards and their consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study?

To identify any deviation of design during the design stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Cause and Effect Diagram (also known as Fishbone or Ishikawa diagram)?

To help identify the influencing factors that lead to a particular outcome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?

To yield a rough assessment of potential hazards and their rectification Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an Event Tree Analysis (ETA)?

To start with an initiating event and find the consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA)?

To identify physical and functional incompatibilities between adjacent, interconnected and interacting elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Critical Incident Technique (CIT)?

To interview individuals about accidents, near misses and hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reviewing inspection records in a health and safety program audit?

To identify areas that require improvement Signup and view all the answers

According to Heinrich, what is the likely result when employees are treated like children?

They will act like children Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the probability of failure in a parallel system?

Rsystem = 1 – {(1 – R1)(1 – R2)…(1 – Rn)} Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'Education' in Heinrich's 3 'E's of safety?

To educate employees on safe work practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended ratio of supervisors to direct reports according to the Span of Control?

1 supervisor per 5 direct reports Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting an incident investigation?

To identify root causes of accidents Signup and view all the answers

What type of reliability system is where one individual component can fail and the system will still be functional?

Parallel reliability system Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using spiked samples and blanks in quality control?

To keep the instrument in calibration Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of accidents are attributed to unsafe conditions according to Heinrich's Domino Theory?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Multiple Cause Theory in accident investigation?

Determining the series of events leading to an accident Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Heinrich's Domino Theory and the Multiple Cause Theory?

Heinrich's Domino Theory suggests that accidents have a single cause, while the Multiple Cause Theory suggests that accidents have multiple causes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reviewing inspection records in a health and safety program audit?

To identify areas of non-compliance with regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of employee interviews in a health and safety program audit?

To identify hazards and near-miss incidents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of worksite analysis in a health and safety program?

To identify hazards and develop controls Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of estimating the 'return on investment' (ROI) in a health and safety program?

To determine the financial benefits of investing in safety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of an employer regarding employee medical records and exposure records?

To maintain confidentiality of records Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis is used to evaluate hypothetical situations and their consequences?

What-if analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to calculate the probability of human errors?

THERP Signup and view all the answers

What type of diagram is used to help identify the influencing factors that lead to a particular outcome?

Fishbone Diagram Signup and view all the answers

Which analysis is used to identify physical and functional incompatibilities between adjacent, interconnected, and interacting elements?

Systems Hazard Analysis Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis starts with an undesirable event and works backward to identify the possible causes?

Fault Tree Analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to identify total risk inherent in the system and arising from operational/management inadequacies?

MORT Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Critical Incident Technique?

To interview individuals about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which analysis is used to identify potentially hazardous components within a system during the design phase?

PHA Signup and view all the answers

According to Heinrich's domino theory, what percentage of accidents are attributed to unsafe conditions?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What type of accident theory suggests that accidents result from a series of random related or unrelated actions that interact to cause the accident?

Multiple Cause Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reviewing inspection records in a health and safety program audit?

To determine the effectiveness of the inspection program Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of worksite analysis in a health and safety program?

To identify hazards and risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of employee involvement in a health and safety program?

Enhanced hazard identification and control Signup and view all the answers

According to Heinrich's domino theory, what percentage of accidents are unavoidable?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of statistical analysis in incident investigations?

To identify trends and patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an OSHA inspection?

To identify hazards and risks in the workplace Signup and view all the answers

According to Argyris, how do employees tend to respond when treated like children?

They act like children Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Education' component in Heinrich's Domino Theory?

To train employees on safety procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Chaos Theory in relation to incident investigations?

Small events can lead to large accidents Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a t-test in statistical analysis?

To analyze normally distributed data Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fault tolerance in systems design?

To reduce the impact of system failures Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reviewing inspection records in a health and safety program audit?

To identify areas for improvement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of employee involvement in a health and safety program?

Reduced incident rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Enforcement' component in Heinrich's Domino Theory?

To enforce safety regulations and standards Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that accidents result from a combination of factors, including human error, system failures, and ergonomic traps?

Accident/Incident Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Energy Release Theory?

Transfer of energy Signup and view all the answers

Which management style is very controlling and may work well in dangerous work environments?

Directive autocrat Signup and view all the answers

According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what percentage of accidents are attributed to unsafe acts?

88% Signup and view all the answers

Which theory states that accidents are entirely a result of human error?

Human Factors Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Chaos Theory?

The behavior of complex systems is highly sensitive to initial conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of Heinrich's Domino Theory?

System failure Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is an interdisciplinary framework for studying complex systems in nature, society, and science?

Systems Theory Signup and view all the answers

How long must employers save the OSHA 300/300A/301 forms following the end of the calendar year?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

When must an employer report a work-related fatality to OSHA?

Within 8 hours of finding out about it Signup and view all the answers

What is recorded on the OSHA 300 Log as a respiratory condition?

Tuberculosis (TB) Signup and view all the answers

How must an employer report a work-related in-patient hospitalization to OSHA?

By submitting the report electronically on OSHA's website Signup and view all the answers

Do I have to report a work-related fatality or in-patient hospitalization caused by a heart attack?

Yes, and the local OSHA Area Office director will decide whether to investigate Signup and view all the answers

When may an employer stop tracking the number of calendar days away from work?

When the total reaches 180 days away from work Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an employee has a recordable Standard Threshold Shift, but a retest is conducted within 30 days that fails to confirm the STS?

The employer does not have to record the hearing loss on the OSHA 300 Log Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the log used to record work-related injuries and illnesses?

Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for developing and carrying out a site-specific health and safety plan for subcontractors?

Head Contractors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of involving employees in problem solving in a safety committee?

To gather diverse perspectives and solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Management of Change (MOC)?

To control safety, health, and environmental risks Signup and view all the answers

What type of employees should be involved in testing out safety and health products and procedures?

Employees with diverse perspectives and experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of documenting action taken and posting on bulletin boards for all employees to read and comment?

To improve communication and transparency within the organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a safety committee?

To address safety and health issues and involve employees in problem solving Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having a formal agenda in a safety committee meeting?

To ensure that all important safety issues are discussed and addressed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of employee participation in safety and health recommendations?

To gather diverse perspectives and solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories suggests that accidents are the result of a series of random related or unrelated actions that somehow interact to cause the accident?

Multiple Cause Theory Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of accidents are attributed to system weaknesses according to Heinrich's Domino Theory?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hazardous condition?

Objects and physical states that directly caused or contributed to the accident Signup and view all the answers

According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what percentage of accidents are unavoidable?

2% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a causal factor of an accident?

Good luck Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Accident/Incident Theory?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories suggests that accidents are entirely the result of human error?

Human Factors Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of accidents caused by unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, and unavoidable accidents according to Heinrich's Domino Theory?

88:10:2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Country Club management style?

Most concerned about team members' needs and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a RACI chart?

To assign responsibilities in a project Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating reliability?

Reliability = 1 - P(F) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Passive Communication?

Avoiding expression of opinions and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 9.9 Team Leader management style?

To motivate people to work hard Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using a flat organization structure?

It enables faster decision-making and communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Linear Correlation Analysis?

To identify correlations between variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the best system for tools accountability?

Bar-coding system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of contingency planning in business?

To minimize the impact of potential events and return to normal operations quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Deming Cycle?

To plan and implement quality control measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Herzberg's motivation theory?

To increase worker productivity through motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reviewing and updating the business continuity plan?

To ensure the plan remains relevant and effective Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Peter Drucker's Management by Objectives?

To agree upon objectives within an organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Contingency Theory?

To suggest that there is no one best way to organize a corporation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Likert's management theory?

To allow participation at all levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of W. Edwards Deming's total quality management movement?

To increase quality while decreasing costs Signup and view all the answers

What must an employer do with the OSHA 300 Log and OSHA Form 301 or equivalent within 7 calendar days?

Enter each recordable injury or illness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the OSHA Form 301 or equivalent?

To record each work-related injury or illness Signup and view all the answers

What must an employer do if they are exempt from recordkeeping?

Keep a copy of OSHA Form 301 or equivalent for each occupational injury or illness Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of culture according to OSHA?

A combination of an organization's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the OSHA 300A?

To summarize work-related injuries and illnesses Signup and view all the answers

When must an employer submit the OSHA 300A form to OSHA?

No later than March 2 of the year after the calendar year covered by the form Signup and view all the answers

What is a criterion for determining a recordable injury or illness?

The injury or illness results in death, days from work, restricted work, medical treatment beyond 1st aid, or loss of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an equivalent form to the OSHA Form 301?

To have the same information, readability, and understandability as the OSHA Form 301 Signup and view all the answers

What is the key concept of no-fault coverage in workers' compensation?

Injured employee is compensated regardless of fault Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of workers' compensation laws?

To replace lost income and provide medical treatment promptly Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an experience modification factor (EMR) of 1?

The business has an average amount of claims Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exclusive remedy in workers' compensation?

To prohibit injured employees from suing their employers Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of wage and salary employees are covered by workers' compensation laws?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Wisconsin workers' compensation law of 1911?

It was the first law to require compensation for injuries regardless of fault Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the state fund states in workers' compensation?

To operate their own insurance mechanism for workers' compensation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the objectives of workers' compensation laws?

To provide a single remedy without costly litigation and delays Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?

To identify potential hazards and their rectification Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) technique?

Deductive analysis from a top-down perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'what-if' analysis?

To evaluate hypothetical situations and their consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) analysis?

To identify total risk inherent in a system Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA)?

To identify physical and functional incompatibilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Event Tree Analysis (ETA)?

To evaluate the consequences of an initiating event Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone) or Ishikawa diagram?

To identify the influencing factors that lead to a particular outcome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Critical Incident Techniques (CIT)?

To interview individuals about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements of an effective accountability system, according to OSHA?

Established standards, resources, a measurement system, consequences, and application Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of traditional measurements of safety performance, such as TCIRs and DARTs?

They have limited or no use in predicting future incidents Signup and view all the answers

What is a major problem in using injury/illness rates as a measure of health and safety performance?

They are underreported Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential element of an effective health and safety performance management system?

Measuring performance, reviewing performance, and auditing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an effective measurement system in health and safety performance management?

To indicate where you currently are and measure progress towards goals Signup and view all the answers

What is the acronym SMART, and what does it represent in health and safety goals and objectives?

SMART represents Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a health and safety program audit?

To assist in determining whether significant progress is being made in the overall goals and objectives of the health and safety program Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of a leading indicator in health and safety performance management?

It engages employees and supervisors in the safety program Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the management of change procedures?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How long must accident OSHA 300 logs be retained?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the retention period for LOTO training records?

Length of employment Signup and view all the answers

How long mustNoise Exposure records be retained?

Minimum of 2 years and audiometric test records for the duration of employment Signup and view all the answers

What is the retention period for Bloodborne Pathogens training records?

3 years from the date of the training Signup and view all the answers

How long must Respiratory Document and health records be retained?

30 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the retention period for Permit-Required Confined Spaces training records?

Minimum of 1 year Signup and view all the answers

How long must general training records be retained?

3 years from the date of the training Signup and view all the answers

What is the Critical Path Method (CPM) used for?

To determine the most efficient way to achieve an objective Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for COL (cost of lost) for recovery?

COL = (PM) x (#unit sold) x (unit price) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)?

To prepare for and respond to natural, artificial, and nuclear emergencies Signup and view all the answers

What was the principle of tort law that provided employers near absolute protection against claims for work-related injuries of employees?

Assumption of Risk Signup and view all the answers

What was the defense that stated that an employer could claim that an employee acted carelessly and therefore had no reason to bring action against the employer?

Contributory Negligence Signup and view all the answers

What was the defense that stated that an employer would not be liable for an employee's injury if the employer could prove that the employee's injury was caused by a co-worker?

Fellow Servant Rule Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Workers' Compensation?

To provide financial support to employees who are injured on the job Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of Workers' Compensation?

It provides financial support to employees who are injured on the job Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for workers' compensation insurance premiums?

Employee payroll Signup and view all the answers

What is an employee able to sue in a third-party lawsuit?

The manufacturer of a machine or product Signup and view all the answers

What type of liability requires the plaintiff to prove the product was defective?

Strict liability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a self-insured company's reserve fund?

To ensure claims will be paid Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the Experience Modification Rate?

Adjusted Actual Losses + Ballast / Expected Losses + Ballast Signup and view all the answers

What type of warranty is implied by law?

Implied warranty Signup and view all the answers

What is the average cost of workers' compensation insurance per $100 of payroll?

$2.00 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a self-insured company's medical, legal, and safety staff?

To administer the program, resolve problems, and work to reduce claims Signup and view all the answers

What is the test used by courts to determine if a misuse of a product could have been anticipated by the supplier?

Foreseeability Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for the risks introduced by a modification to a product?

The user who modified the product Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)?

To identify the hazards associated with each step of a job Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the curve that traces the typical failure rate of a product over time?

Bathtub curve Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Expert Witnesses in the lawsuit process?

To provide expert testimony on specialized knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is one way a manufacturer or seller can minimize liability?

By preventing accidents through design and manufacturing Signup and view all the answers

What type of records and reports may be used to reduce liability risks?

Incident reports and training records Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a mentor from outside the facility in reducing liability risks?

To coach employees on reducing liability risks Signup and view all the answers

What is required to be recorded by an employer according to OSHA regulations?

Only work-related injuries and illnesses Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the general recording criteria for an injury or illness?

Medical treatment beyond first aid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a recordable injury or illness?

An employee who is restricted from work due to a work-related injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of recording work-related injuries and illnesses?

To identify hazards and prevent future injuries and illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a recordable injury or illness?

A work-related needlestick injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for an injury or illness to be considered work-related?

The injury or illness is caused by a work-related event or exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for recording an injury or illness?

The injury or illness is caused by employee negligence Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for recording a work-related injury or illness?

As soon as possible after the incident Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Bodily Reactions

Bodily reactions can be caused solely by stress imposed by free movement of the body or assumption of a strained or unnatural body position.
Overexposure is a leading source of injury, caused by prolonged exposure to harmful energy, lack of energy, or substances.

System Causation Theory

The focus is on fixing the system, not assigning blame.
Discipline is not appropriate if the safety management system has failed employees.

Accident Investigation

The purpose of an accident investigation is to determine the facts, not to assign blame.
A seven-step process for investigating accidents includes:
- Securing the accident scene
- Documenting the accident scene
- Conducting interviews
- Developing the sequence of events
- Conducting surface and root cause analysis
- Determining solutions
- Writing the report

Characteristics of Accident Investigation

At least two competent persons should investigate.
Investigators should be properly trained on techniques and procedures.
The investigation report should address surface and root causes of accidents.
The report should make recommendations to correct hazardous conditions and unsafe work practices.

OSHA Recordkeeping

The OSHA Form 300 is used to classify work-related injuries and illnesses and to note the extent and severity of each case.
OSHA recordkeeping is intended to collect, compile, and analyze uniform and consistent nationwide data on occupational injuries and illnesses.
Employers must keep a separate OSHA 300 Log for each establishment that is expected to operate for one year or longer.
The OSHA 300A is a summary of work-related injuries and illnesses.

Workers' Compensation

Workers' compensation is intended to provide medical coverage and compensation for workers who are killed, injured, or made ill at work.
Recordable cases are not always compensable, and vice versa.

Injury and Illness Reporting

An injury or illness is work-related if an event or exposure in the work environment caused or contributed to the resulting condition, or significantly aggravated a pre-existing injury or illness.
Employers must determine if the workplace caused, contributed to, or significantly aggravated an injury or illness.

Safety Culture

OSHA defines culture as a combination of an organization's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things.

Management Styles

Directive Democrat: allows subordinates to participate in the decision-making process but closely supervises employees.
Directive Autocrat: makes decisions unilaterally and closely supervises employees.
Permissive Democrat: allows employees to participate in the decision-making process and gives subordinates some latitude in carrying out their work.

Accident Theories

Heinrich's Domino Theory: unsafe act, unsafe condition, social traits, injury, accident
Human Factors Theory: accidents are entirely the result of human error.
Accident/Incident Theory: additional elements such as ergonomic traps, the decision to err, and system failures.
Systems Theory accident causation is a relationship between man, machine systems, and the surroundings.
Energy Release Theory: accidents involve the transfer of energy, in large amounts and at rapid rates.
Combination Theory: a combination of factors contributes to accidents.

Health and Safety Program Audits

The three basic methods used to conduct health and safety program audits are document review/verification, employee interviews, and site conditions.
The major elements of an effective health and safety program include management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention and control, and health and safety training.

ANSI Standards

ANSI standards are developed or revised considering the stakeholders that are impacted by the standard.
The seven sections of Z 10 include:
- Management Leadership
- Employee Participation
- Planning
- Implementation and Operation
- Evaluation
- Corrective Action
- Management Review

Employee Rights and Responsibilities

Employees have the right to access their medical records and exposure records.
Employees are expected to:
- Read the OSHA poster
- Follow the employer's safety and health rules and wear required gear and equipment
- Follow safe work practices for their job
- Report hazardous conditions to a supervisor or safety committee
- Report hazardous conditions to OSHA if the employer does not fix them
- Expect safety and health on the job without fear of reprisal

OSHA Inspections and Process

During an OSHA inspection, the employer must:
- Be advised by the compliance officer of the reason for the inspection
- Require identification of the OSHA compliance officer
- Accompany the compliance officer on the inspection
- Ensure confidentiality of trade secrets observed by the OSHA compliance officer
Inspections are based on the following priorities:
- Imminent danger situations
- Catastrophes and fatal accidents
- Employee complaints
- Programmed high-hazard inspections
- Follow-up inspections

OSHA Citations

The Area Director will send citations via certified mail.
The employer must post the citation for 3 days or until the violation has been abated, whichever is longer.
OSHA recordkeeping regulations require employers to keep records of work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses.

Misuse and Foreseeability

In cases of misuse, the courts use a test of "foreseeability" to determine whether a misuse reasonably could have been anticipated.
A supplier is responsible for risks they introduce, and may be liable for modifications introduced by a user.

Liability and Records

A manufacturer or seller can minimize liability in various ways, including:
- Defending in design, manufacturing, packaging, and the marketplace
- Using attorneys to defend in court
- Using engineers to prevent lawsuits
Records and reports include:
- Incident reports
- Training records
- Exposures and conditions records
- Equipment testing and maintenance records

Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) breaks a job into basic steps and identifies hazards associated with each step.
JSA prescribes controls for each hazard.
Gross Hazard Analysis is a rough assessment of risks involved in performing a task, used in early stages of accident investigation.
The bathtub curve shows the typical failure rate of a product over time.
Fault tolerance has no relation to when the system will fail.

Probability and Statistics

Series Reliability: R = R1 × R2 × … × Rn, where failure of any individual component results in the entire system failing.
Parallel Reliability: Rsystem = 1 – {(1 − R1)(1 − R2)…(1 − Rn)}, where one individual component can fail and the system will still be functional.
Probability of Failure (System) Pf = (1 − Ps)

Human Behavior and Error

Argyris: Employees treated like children and/or adults will act like such.
Heinrich's 3 "E's" of safety: Engineering, Education, Enforcement.
Conflict theory: Leveling, where boss doesn't make all decisions.
Incongruence theory: Mature workers desire independence.
Drucker: Management by Objectives (MBO).

Management and Leadership

Span of Control: The number of employees reporting to one manager should be limited, with a recommended ratio of 1 supervisor per 5 direct reports.
Likert scale: Measures attitude preference and subjective reaction.

Classifying Failure Impacts

Failure impacts can be classified into four categories:
- Catastrophic
- Critical
- Marginal
- Negligible

Health and Safety Performance

Elements of an effective accountability system include:
- Established standards
- Resources
- A measurement system
- Consequences
- Application
Traditional measurements of safety performance, such as TCIRs and DARTs, have limited or no use in predicting future incidents.
Effective health and safety goals and objectives should follow the SMART acronym: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic/Relevant, and Time-bound.
Continuous improvement must be built into any sustainable system.

OSHA Overview

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created within the Department of Labor
OSHA's primary responsibilities include:
- Encouraging employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards and implement new or improve existing safety and health standards
- Providing research in occupational safety and health and developing innovative ways to deal with occupational safety and health problems
- Establishing separate but dependent responsibilities and rights for employers and employees for achieving better safety and health conditions
- Maintaining a reporting and record-keeping system to monitor job-related injuries and illnesses
- Developing mandatory job safety and health standards and enforcing them effectively

Coverage under the OSH Act

All private sector employers with one or more workers in all 50 states and US territories are governed under the OSH Act
OSHA regulations do not apply to:
- Public sector employers (municipal, county, state, or federal government agencies)
- Self-employed individuals
- Family members operating a farm
- Domestic household workers

OSHA Rules and Regulations

OSHA required a warrant to enter the workplace to conduct an inspection (OSHA rule 5-3, Marshall VS Barlow)
Horizontal standards apply to general industries, such as fire prevention/protection
Vertical standards apply to particular industries, such as construction safety

Employer Rights and Responsibilities

Examine workplace conditions to ensure compliance with applicable standards
Minimize or reduce hazards
Use color codes, posters, labels, or signs to warn employees of potential hazards
Provide training required by applicable OSHA standards
Keep OSHA-required records
If a company has 10 or fewer employees, it is not required to keep OSHA injury and illness records unless informed in writing by OSHA or the BLS

OSHA Recordkeeping System

The Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses (OSHA Form 300) is used to classify work-related injuries and illnesses and note the extent and severity of each case
OSHA recordkeeping system is intended to collect, compile, and analyze uniform and consistent nationwide data on occupational injuries and illnesses
The system is used for inspection targeting, performance measurement, standards development, resource allocation, Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) eligibility, and low-hazard industry exemptions

Workers' Compensation

Intended primarily to provide medical coverage and compensation for workers who are killed, injured, or made ill at work
Varies in coverage from one state to another
Recordable cases are not always compensable, and vice versa

Behavior Theory (Behavior-Based Safety)

Intervention
Identification of internal factors
Motivation to behave in the desired manner
Focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior
Application of the scientific method
Integration of information
Planned interventions
A BBS program should consist of:
- Common goals of employee and managerial involvement in the process
- Definition of what is expected (clear definitions of target behaviors derived from safety assessments)
- Observational data collection (safety sampling)
- Decisions about how best to proceed based on those data
- Feedback to associates being observed
- Review

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Conducted to determine the return on investment to a company from the original investment of training costs
Helps organizations decide whether it is worth spending time, money, and energy on certain resources
ROI (Return on Investment) is calculated as (COST ÷ INVESTMENT) X 100 = % ROI
Payback period is also calculated to determine how quickly the investment will pay for itself

Insurance and Liability

Types of insurance: private insurance policies or self-insured benefits
Self-insured companies must create a large reserve fund to ensure claims will be paid
Premiums for workers' compensation insurance are based on employee payroll
Third-party lawsuits may be filed by employees against manufacturers of machines or products that caused the injury
Theories of liability include:
- Warranty
- Negligence
- Strict liability

Charts and Graphs

PERT Chart (Program Evaluation and Review Technique chart): a line diagram incorporating key tasks and key relationships in a 'flow' to show progress, interdependencies, and critical paths

Hazard Analysis Techniques

HAZOP: used at the design stage to identify deviations in design, using specific terms like more/less/no flow, study, and table/logic diagrams.
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA): qualitative study to identify potentially hazardous components within a system during the design phase, results summarized in tables or logic diagrams.
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA): a deductive "top-down" technique.
"What-if" analysis: an informal method to evaluate hypothetical situations and their consequences.
Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT): a logic tree to identify total risk inherent in the system, arising from operational/management inadequacies.
Zonal: a geographical inspection of hardware.

System Analysis Techniques

Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA): identifies physical and functional incompatibilities between adjacent, interconnected, and interacting elements.
Critical Incident Techniques (CIT): individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions.
Event Tree Analysis (ETA): a forward analysis beginning with an initiating event to find consequences, evaluating the success or failure of a system.
Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone or Ishikawa): a deductive technique to identify influencing factors leading to a particular outcome.
Fishbone analysis: six Ms - manpower, methods, metrics, machines, materials, and minutes.

Safety Management

3 "E"s of safety: Engineering, Education, Enforcement (Hienrich).
Conflict theory: Leveling - boss doesn't make all the decisions.
Incongruence theory: mature workers desire independence.
Drucker: MBO (Management by Objectives).
Span of Control: a limited number of employees reporting to one manager, recommended ratio of 1 supervisor per 5 direct reports.

Reliability and Fault Tolerance

Series Reliability: R = R1 × R2 × … × Rn, where a failure of any individual component results in the entire system failing.
Parallel Reliability: Rsystem = 1 – {(1 − R1)(1 − R2)…(1 − Rn)}, where one individual component can fail and the system will still be functional.
Probability of Failure (System): Pf = (1 − Ps).

Probability and Statistics

Machine A produces 25% of parts, B produces 35%, and C produces 40%, with respective defect rates of 0.05, 0.04, and 0.02.
Probability of A producing a defect: 25 × 0.05 = 1.25, or A/total failure.

Accident Analysis

Domino theory: accident as a series of related occurrences leading to a final event that results in injury or illness, eliminating any one of those actions or events breaks the chain and prevents the future accident.
Heinrich's domino theory: 88% of accidents are caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% unavoidable (88UA:10UC:2).
Multiple Cause Theory: accidents are the result of a series of random related or unrelated actions that interact to cause the accident, eliminating one accident event does not necessarily prevent future accidents.
Causal factors: hazardous conditions, unsafe behaviors, and system weaknesses.

Classification and Measurement

Classifying failure impacts: catastrophic, critical, marginal, and negligible.
Likert scale: measures attitude preference and subjective reaction.

Hazard Analysis Techniques

HAZOP: used at the design stage to identify deviations in design, using specific terms like more/less/no flow, study, and table/logic diagrams.
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA): qualitative study to identify potentially hazardous components within a system during the design phase, results summarized in tables or logic diagrams.
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA): a deductive "top-down" technique.
"What-if" analysis: an informal method to evaluate hypothetical situations and their consequences.
Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT): a logic tree to identify total risk inherent in the system, arising from operational/management inadequacies.
Zonal: a geographical inspection of hardware.

System Analysis Techniques

Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA): identifies physical and functional incompatibilities between adjacent, interconnected, and interacting elements.
Critical Incident Techniques (CIT): individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions.
Event Tree Analysis (ETA): a forward analysis beginning with an initiating event to find consequences, evaluating the success or failure of a system.
Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone or Ishikawa): a deductive technique to identify influencing factors leading to a particular outcome.
Fishbone analysis: six Ms - manpower, methods, metrics, machines, materials, and minutes.

Safety Management

3 "E"s of safety: Engineering, Education, Enforcement (Hienrich).
Conflict theory: Leveling - boss doesn't make all the decisions.
Incongruence theory: mature workers desire independence.
Drucker: MBO (Management by Objectives).
Span of Control: a limited number of employees reporting to one manager, recommended ratio of 1 supervisor per 5 direct reports.

Reliability and Fault Tolerance

Series Reliability: R = R1 × R2 × … × Rn, where a failure of any individual component results in the entire system failing.
Parallel Reliability: Rsystem = 1 – {(1 − R1)(1 − R2)…(1 − Rn)}, where one individual component can fail and the system will still be functional.
Probability of Failure (System): Pf = (1 − Ps).

Probability and Statistics

Machine A produces 25% of parts, B produces 35%, and C produces 40%, with respective defect rates of 0.05, 0.04, and 0.02.
Probability of A producing a defect: 25 × 0.05 = 1.25, or A/total failure.

Accident Analysis

Domino theory: accident as a series of related occurrences leading to a final event that results in injury or illness, eliminating any one of those actions or events breaks the chain and prevents the future accident.
Heinrich's domino theory: 88% of accidents are caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% unavoidable (88UA:10UC:2).
Multiple Cause Theory: accidents are the result of a series of random related or unrelated actions that interact to cause the accident, eliminating one accident event does not necessarily prevent future accidents.
Causal factors: hazardous conditions, unsafe behaviors, and system weaknesses.

Classification and Measurement

Classifying failure impacts: catastrophic, critical, marginal, and negligible.
Likert scale: measures attitude preference and subjective reaction.

Hazard Analysis Techniques

HAZOP: used at the design stage to identify deviations in design, using specific terms like more/less/no flow, study, and table/logic diagrams.
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA): qualitative study to identify potentially hazardous components within a system during the design phase, results summarized in tables or logic diagrams.
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA): a deductive "top-down" technique.
"What-if" analysis: an informal method to evaluate hypothetical situations and their consequences.
Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT): a logic tree to identify total risk inherent in the system, arising from operational/management inadequacies.
Zonal: a geographical inspection of hardware.

System Analysis Techniques

Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA): identifies physical and functional incompatibilities between adjacent, interconnected, and interacting elements.
Critical Incident Techniques (CIT): individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions.
Event Tree Analysis (ETA): a forward analysis beginning with an initiating event to find consequences, evaluating the success or failure of a system.
Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone or Ishikawa): a deductive technique to identify influencing factors leading to a particular outcome.
Fishbone analysis: six Ms - manpower, methods, metrics, machines, materials, and minutes.

Safety Management

3 "E"s of safety: Engineering, Education, Enforcement (Hienrich).
Conflict theory: Leveling - boss doesn't make all the decisions.
Incongruence theory: mature workers desire independence.
Drucker: MBO (Management by Objectives).
Span of Control: a limited number of employees reporting to one manager, recommended ratio of 1 supervisor per 5 direct reports.

Reliability and Fault Tolerance

Series Reliability: R = R1 × R2 × … × Rn, where a failure of any individual component results in the entire system failing.
Parallel Reliability: Rsystem = 1 – {(1 − R1)(1 − R2)…(1 − Rn)}, where one individual component can fail and the system will still be functional.
Probability of Failure (System): Pf = (1 − Ps).

Probability and Statistics

Machine A produces 25% of parts, B produces 35%, and C produces 40%, with respective defect rates of 0.05, 0.04, and 0.02.
Probability of A producing a defect: 25 × 0.05 = 1.25, or A/total failure.

Accident Analysis

Domino theory: accident as a series of related occurrences leading to a final event that results in injury or illness, eliminating any one of those actions or events breaks the chain and prevents the future accident.
Heinrich's domino theory: 88% of accidents are caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% unavoidable (88UA:10UC:2).
Multiple Cause Theory: accidents are the result of a series of random related or unrelated actions that interact to cause the accident, eliminating one accident event does not necessarily prevent future accidents.
Causal factors: hazardous conditions, unsafe behaviors, and system weaknesses.

Classification and Measurement

Classifying failure impacts: catastrophic, critical, marginal, and negligible.
Likert scale: measures attitude preference and subjective reaction.

Systems Theory

Interdisciplinary framework to investigate or describe any group of objects that work together to produce a result
Studies complex systems in nature, society, and science

Chaos Theory

Field of study in mathematics, physics, and philosophy
Examines behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions
Sensitive to initial conditions is referred to as the butterfly effect
Future behavior is fully determined by initial conditions

Human Factors Theory

Accidents are entirely a result of human error
Causes include overload, inappropriate worker response, and inappropriate activities
Examples: performing a task without sufficient training

Heinrich's Domino Theory

Personal injury only occurs as a result of a hazard
Hazards exist due to the fault of careless persons or poorly designed equipment
2% of all accidents are unavoidable

Accident/Incident Theory

Extension of human factors theory with the possibility of system failure
Includes the possibility of system failure

Epidemiological Theory

Focuses on industrial hygiene and the relationship between environmental factors and disease

William Haddon's Energy Theory

Accidents and injuries involve the transfer of energy

Multiple Factor Theories

4 Ms: man, machine, media, and management
Examples: man (recklessness, nervousness), machine (poorly designed equipment), media (environmental factors), management (system failure)

Management Styles

Directive Autocrat: makes decisions unilaterally and closely supervises employees
Examples: controlling, may work well in dangerous work environments where control is paramount to safety

OSHA Regulations

Reporting requirements:
- Work-related fatalities within 8 hours
- In-patient hospitalizations, amputations, or eye loss within 24 hours
Record-keeping requirements:
- Maintain records at the worksite for at least 5 years
- Use OSHA 300 Log to record work-related injuries and illnesses
- Report events electronically on OSHA's Electronic Submission website

Employee Participation

Employees should be given an opportunity to provide input on safety and health products, procedures, and training
Examples: testing products, conducting research, and making recommendations

Safety Recognition Programs

Safety Committee:
- Comprised of management and employee representatives
- Meets at least monthly
- Addresses safety and health issues
- Records and posts minutes of meetings
- Involves employees in problem-solving
- Documents action taken and posts on bulletin boards

Change Analysis (Management of Change)

Best practice to ensure safety, health, and environmental risks are controlled when making changes
Conducted by competent persons to identify hazards and potential hazards
Changes in worksite layout, materials, process technology, and inspection, audit, and maintenance require review

Accident Analysis

Identifies surface causes (behaviors and conditions) and underlying root causes (system weaknesses) that contributed to an accident
Domino theory: accident as a series of related occurrences that lead to a final event
Heinrich's domino theory: 88% of accidents caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% unavoidable
Multiple Cause Theory: accidents result from a series of random related or unrelated actions that interact

Communication Styles

Passive Communication: avoiding expressing opinions or feelings, protecting rights, and identifying and meeting needs
Aggressive Communication: expressing feelings and opinions in a way that violates others' rights

Contingency Planning

Identify potential events that might disrupt business operations, such as accidents, emergencies, disasters, and threats
Develop a plan to minimize the impact of these events and return to normal operations as quickly as possible
Review and update the plan regularly, at least annually

Management Theories

Likert's theory: participation at all levels
BHR theory: worker productivity and supervisor control are inversely proportional
Herzberg's motivation theory: no details provided
McGregor's theory: no details provided
The Deming Cycle: Plan, Do, Check, Act
Peter Drucker's Management by Objectives: agree upon objectives to ensure management and employees are on the same page
W. Edwards Deming's Total Quality Management: focus on continuous improvement to increase quality while decreasing costs

OSHA Regulations

OSHA 300 Log: record work-related injuries and illnesses
OSHA 300A: summary of work-related injuries and illnesses
OSHA Form 301 or equivalent: injury and illness incident report
Record within 7 days: enter each recordable injury or illness on the OSHA 300 Log and OSHA Form 301 or equivalent within 7 calendar days
Determining recordable injuries or illnesses: consider an injury or illness recordable if it results in death, days away from work, restricted work, medical treatment beyond first aid, or loss of consciousness

Safety Culture

OSHA's definition of culture: a combination of attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things
Tort: harm done but not covered under the contract
Exclusive remedy: prohibits injured employees from suing their employer if they are receiving workers' comp benefits
No-fault concept: premium is determined by payroll, class rate, experience modification, and other factors

Workers' Compensation

Two types of workers' compensation laws: compulsory and elective
Objectives of workers' compensation laws: replace lost income, provide medical treatment, relieve public and private charities, encourage employer interest in accident reduction, restore earning capacity, and encourage open investigation of accidents

Hazard Analysis

JHA/JSA: analysis by task
HAZOP: used in design stage to identify deviations of design
Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA): initial effort to identify potentially hazardous components in a system during design phase
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA): deductive, "top-down" technique
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP): calculates probability of human errors
What-if analysis: informal method of evaluating hypothetical situations and their consequences
Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT): logic tree to identify total risk inherent in the system
Zonal: geographical inspection of hardware
Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA): identifies physical and functional incompatibilities between adjacent, interconnected, and interacting elements
Critical Incident Techniques (CIT): individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions
Event Tree Analysis (ETA): forward analysis beginning with initiating event to find consequences
Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone) or Ishikawa: deductive, quality improvement technique

Health and Safety Performance

Elements of an effective accountability system: established standards, resources, measurement system, consequences, and application
Problems with traditional measurements of safety performance: underreporting, events are a matter of chance, injury rates are no indication of severity or potential severity, and employees may stay off work for reasons unrelated to the severity of the event
Elements of an effective health and safety performance management system: policy, organizing, planning and implementing, measuring performance, reviewing performance, and auditing
Effective measurement system: designed to indicate where you currently are and measure progress towards goals and objectives
SMART goals and objectives: specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound
Three dimensions of measurement: compliance, deployment, and capability of the system to achieve specific and measurable goals and objectives
Continuous improvement: essential for any sustainable system
Value of leading indicators: engages employees and supervisors in the safety program

Safety Program Auditing

Purpose: identify hazards, prevent illnesses and injuries, and determine progress towards overall goals and objectives of the health and safety program

Employer Responsibilities

Employers must keep records of work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses that meet specific recording criteria
Criteria include death, days away from work, restricted work or transfer, medical treatment beyond first aid, loss of consciousness, significant injury or illness diagnosed by a physician, and others
Records must also be kept for work-related needlestick injuries, medical removals, hearing tests, and tuberculosis exposure

Management of Change Procedures

Technical basis for the change
Impact of the change on safety, health, and local environments
Necessary time period to implement the change
Management approval procedures for the change
Changes should be documented and dated
Employees and contractors should be trained if their job tasks will be affected by a change

OSHA Document Retention

Accident OSHA 300 log and 300A: 5 years
LOTO training records: length of employment
PPE records: until the employee is no longer employed
Noise Exposure records: minimum of 2 years and audiometric test records for the duration of employment
Bloodborne Pathogens records: duration of employment plus 30 years
Permit-Required Confined Spaces records: minimum of 1 year
Training records: 3 years from the date of training

Critical Path Method (CPM)

A technique for planning the most efficient way to achieve a given objective
Determines the activities and events required and shows how they relate to each other in time

Cost of Lost (COL)

COL = (PM) x ($volume of business)
For recovery, PM is profit margin
COL = (PM) x (#unit sold) x (unit price)

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Responsible for preparedness, mitigation, relief, and response activities for natural, artificial, and nuclear emergencies

History of Workers’ Compensation

Common Law Defenses:
- Assumption of Risk: if a person voluntarily assumes a risk and is injured, they cannot be indemnified for the losses
- Contributory Negligence: if an employer can claim that an employee acted carelessly, they may not be liable for the injury
- Fellow Servant Rule: an employer is not liable for an employee's injury if caused by a co-worker's actions

Insurance and Premiums

Self-insured companies must create a large reserve fund to ensure claims will be paid
Premiums are based on employee payroll: 1per1 per 1per100 of payroll, with average costs around 2.00per2.00 per 2.00per100 of payroll

Third-Party Lawsuits

An employee may sue the manufacturer of a machine or product that caused the injury
An employee may sue another employer on a multiemployer job site or another organization or individual involved in the injury-causing accident

Theories of Liability

Warranty: a manufacturer or seller is not liable for all injuries that may result from a product
Negligence: includes acts of omission or commission
Strict Liability: a manufacturer or seller is liable for injuries caused by a defective product

Reducing Liability Risks

A manufacturer or seller can minimize liability by:
- Designing and manufacturing products safely
- Providing adequate warnings and instructions
- Conducting regular inspections and maintenance
- Defending against lawsuits with attorneys and engineers

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Breaks a job into basic steps and identifies hazards associated with each step
Prescribes controls for each hazard
A chart listing these steps, hazards, and accident prevention programs

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Description

Identify and understand different types of hazards that can occur in the workplace, including bodily reaction and overexposure. Learn about the system causation theory and its approach to investigating incidents.

Workplace Safety Hazards

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Questions and Answers

What type of injury is caused solely from stress imposed by free movement of the body or assumption of a strained or unnatural body position?

What is the primary focus of the system causation theory in accident investigation?

Why is it important to conduct an accident investigation?

How many competent persons should investigate an accident?

What is the purpose of the accident investigation report?

What is the seventh step in the seven-step process for effectively investigating accidents?

What should be corrected on the spot or as soon as possible?

What is not a characteristic of accident investigation?

Which of the following is a purpose of the OSHA recordkeeping system?

Who has the right to access the OSHA injury and illness records?

What is the primary purpose of Workers' Compensation?

What must an employer do if OSHA or the BLS informs them in writing that they must keep records?

When must an employer provide a copy of the relevant OSHA 300 Log(s)?

How many establishments require separate OSHA 300 Logs?

What is the criteria for an injury or illness to be considered work-related?

What is OSHA Form 300 used for?

What is the purpose of the OSHA 300A form?

What is an equivalent form to the OSHA Form 301?

When must the OSHA 300A form be submitted to OSHA?

What is the time frame for recording a work-related injury or illness on the OSHA 300 Log and OSHA Form 301?

What is a characteristic of a safety culture according to OSHA?

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for determining a recordable injury or illness?

What is the purpose of the OSHA Form 301?

Who is exempt from keeping the OSHA Form 301 or equivalent?

What percentage of accidents are attributed to unsafe acts according to Heinrich's Domino Theory?

Which management style allows employees to participate in the decision-making process and gives subordinates some latitude in carrying out their work?

What is the primary focus of the Energy Release Theory?

Which theory suggests that accidents are entirely the result of human error?

What is the main idea behind Chaos Theory?

Which element is NOT part of Heinrich's Domino Theory?

What is the purpose of the 'Education' component in Heinrich's Domino Theory?

Which theory suggests that accidents result from a combination of factors, including human error, system failures, and ergonomic traps?

What is the purpose of reviewing inspection records in a health and safety program audit?

What is the primary benefit of employee interviews in a health and safety program audit?

What is the primary purpose of worksite analysis in a health and safety program?

What is Management by Walking Around (MBWA) used for?

What is the primary purpose of employee involvement in a health and safety program?

What is the primary purpose of a Job Hazard Analysis form?

What is the seventh section of the ANSI Z10 standard?

What is the purpose of estimating the 'return on investment' (ROI) in a health and safety program?

What is the primary responsibility of an employer regarding employee medical records and exposure records?

What is the purpose of an OSHA inspection?

What is the first priority of OSHA inspections?

What must an employer do after receiving an OSHA citation?

What is the purpose of OSHA recordkeeping regulations?

What is an employee's right regarding safety and health on the job?

What is the responsibility of an employer during an OSHA inspection?

What is the consequence of refusing to admit an OSHA compliance officer during an inspection?

What is the primary focus of the legal environment in which manufacturers operate?

What is the purpose of the experience modifier in workers' compensation?

What is the concept that holds a master liable for any negligence of their servant acting within the scope of employment?

What is the process of eliminating a behavior, including unsafe acts?

What is the equivalent of the British Standards Institute, BS OHSAS 18001?

What is the formula to calculate the premium for workers' compensation insurance?

What is the primary purpose of a supplier introducing a modification to a product?

Which of the following is a step in the lawsuit process?

What is the primary purpose of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)?

What is the purpose of the Gross Hazard Analysis?

What is the primary purpose of the Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP)?

What is the primary purpose of a mentor from outside the facility?

What is the primary purpose of keeping records of incidents, training, and exposures?

What is the primary purpose of the bathtub curve?

What is the primary principle underlying Argyris' theory of employee behavior?

What is the primary purpose of the '3 E's' of safety, as proposed by Heinrich?

What is the primary advantage of a parallel system in terms of reliability?

What is the primary purpose of fault tolerance in a system?

What is the primary purpose of using spiked samples and blanks in quality control?

What is the primary purpose of converting logarithmically distributed data to a normal distribution?

What is the primary reason for avoiding the use of audio and video recordings during witness interviews?

What is the primary benefit of using a Likert scale in attitude surveys?

What are the essential elements of an effective accountability system?

What is the limitation of traditional measurements of safety performance, such as TCIRs and DARTs?

What is a major problem with using injury/illness rates in health and safety performance management?

What is the primary purpose of an effective measurement system in health and safety performance management?

What is the prerequisite for effective health and safety goals and objectives?

What are the three dimensions of measurement in health and safety performance management?