Workplace Diversity and Motivation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of ethics as defined in the content?

  • Study of moral principles guiding behavior (correct)
  • Study of economic transactions
  • Study of laws governing behavior
  • Study of political ideologies

    • Which term refers to the degree to which people prioritize individual rights over group membership?

  • Power distance
  • Individualism (correct)
  • Collectivism
  • Masculinity

    • In Hofstede's framework, what does a high rating on power distance indicate?

  • High preference for uncertainty
  • Acceptance of large inequalities of power (correct)
  • Equality in wealth distribution
  • Preference for individualism

    • What describes a culture with high uncertainty avoidance?

    <p>Preference for structured circumstances and predictability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an instrumental value in achieving terminal values?

    <p>Comfortable life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a masculine culture according to Hofstede's framework?

    <p>Focus on achievement and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect represents collective values in Hofstede’s framework?

    <p>Expectations of group support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which value would most likely be associated with a country low in masculinity?

    <p>Emotional support and equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences a perceiver's interpretation of a target?

    <p>The perceiver's past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fundamental attribution error refer to?

    <p>Underestimating the impact of external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality model includes five basic dimensions?

    <p>Big Five Personality Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selective perception?

    <p>Seeing only what aligns with personal interests and background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of attribution theory?

    <p>How individuals judge the behavior of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality type is associated with the acronym ENTP according to the MBTI?

    <p>Conceptualizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive reappraisal entail in emotional regulation?

    <p>Reframing the outlook on an emotional situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does emotional intelligence encompass?

    <p>Perceiving and managing emotions in oneself and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attribution theory, what does consensus refer to?

    <p>Common reactions among individuals in similar situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the self-serving bias?

    <p>Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes moral emotions?

    <p>Feelings that arise from perceived injustices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is personality primarily measured in an organizational context?

    <p>Self-report surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the halo effect indicate?

    <p>Judging individuals based on one prominent characteristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do strong workplace relationships affect employee turnover?

    <p>They increase job satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of organizational behavior (OB)?

    <p>Understanding relationships and behaviors within organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the disciplines that contributes to the OB field?

    <p>Economics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the contingency approach in OB emphasize?

    <p>Behavior within the context in which it occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does evidence-based management involve?

    <p>Using the best available scientific evidence for management decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a focus area of social psychology in the context of OB?

    <p>Influence of people on one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does anthropology study that contributes to OB?

    <p>Cultural differences and human activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of implementing systematic study in OB?

    <p>Understanding relationships and attributing causes and effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the term 'organization' in OB?

    <p>A coordinated social unit with ongoing functions and common goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological factor is particularly studied to improve work performance?

    <p>Fatigue and boredom among employees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is associated with positive interpersonal skills in the workplace?

    <p>Decreased employee stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does organizational culture relate to OB?

    <p>It shapes employees' values, attitudes, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of OB does sociology examine?

    <p>Group behavior within organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential benefit of focusing on interpersonal skills in an organization?

    <p>Reduced turnover intentions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does deep-level diversity primarily focus on?

    <p>Differences in values and personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of Cultural Intelligence (CQ)?

    <p>Understanding unfamiliar cultural gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does McGregor's Theory Y depict individuals in the workplace?

    <p>As motivated by intrinsic factors and self-direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an intrinsic motivator according to the content?

    <p>A personal desire to engage in an activity due to interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'expectancy' in the context of expectancy theory?

    <p>The belief that effort leads to good performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a way to increase self-efficacy?

    <p>Financial incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to reinforcement theory, behavior is influenced primarily by:

    <p>The consequences that follow it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Equity Theory focus on in the workplace?

    <p>Comparing job inputs and outcomes with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding cognitive evaluation theory?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation can be undermined by external rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of reinforcement provides desired behavior every time it is exhibited?

    <p>Continuous reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the need for affiliation emphasize?

    <p>Need for close interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vicarious modeling in the context of increasing self-efficacy?

    <p>Gaining confidence by observing others succeed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a likely result of cognitive evaluation theory?

    <p>Decreased intrinsic motivation after offering monetary bonuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of reinforcement schedules makes variable reinforcement distinct?

    <p>Rewards are given at unpredictable intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is job engagement primarily concerned with?

    <p>The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a piece-rate pay plan?

    <p>Employees are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a part of the Job Characteristics Model?

    <p>Team collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should rewards be perceived according to the principles of equity?

    <p>Rewards should be perceived as equating with the inputs brought to the job</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of incentive plan bases employee compensation on performance appraisal ratings?

    <p>Merit-based pay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of allowing employees to participate in decision-making?

    <p>To increase employee productivity, commitment to work goals, motivation, and job satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a flexible benefits plan allow employees to do?

    <p>Put together a benefits package individually tailored to their needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is an example of an organizational-based incentive?

    <p>Profit-sharing plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of a job measures the degree to which an employee has freedom and discretion in their work?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does feedback play in job design?

    <p>Generates direct and clear information about the employee's performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of job redesign according to the Job Characteristics Model?

    <p>Identifying opportunities for changes to job elements to enhance employee effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant component of total compensation that is more vulnerable to cuts?

    <p>Bonuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the principle behind a profit-sharing plan?

    <p>Employers share profits with employees based on a predetermined formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Workplace Diversity

    • Deep-level Diversity refers to differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become increasingly important in determining similarity as people get to know each other better.
    • Cultural intelligence (CQ) is the ability to understand someone's unfamiliar and ambiguous gestures in the same way as would people from that person's culture.
    • Cultural code-switching is the ability to modify behavior in specific situations to accommodate varying cultural norms.

    Motivation

    • Motivation accounts for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards reaching a goal.
    • McGregor's Theory X assumes people dislike work and avoid it, while Theory Y suggests people are intrinsically motivated and exercise self-direction and self-control.
    • Intrinsic motivators stem from a person's internal desire to do something due to interest, enjoyment, and satisfaction.

    Needs Theories

    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing towards self-actualization.
    • Alderfer's ERG Theory: Individuals are motivated by three categories of needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth.
    • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are influenced by different factors. Hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction, but do not motivate, while motivators lead to satisfaction.
    • McClelland's Theory of Needs: Individuals are motivated by three needs: Achievement, Affiliation, and Power.

    Relationship of Various Needs Theories

    • Some theories overlap and complement each other.
    • For example, Maslow's need for esteem may align with McClelland's need for achievement.
    • Alderfer's theory provides a more simplified approach compared to Maslow's model with its three overarching categories.

    Summary of Motivation Theories

    • Expectancy Theory: Effort will lead to good performance, which will result in organizational rewards that meet personal goals.
    • Goal-Setting Theory: Setting specific, challenging, and achievable goals can increase motivation and performance.
    • Reinforcement Theory: Behavior is a function of its consequences. Behaviorism argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
    • Equity Theory: Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others, and respond to eliminate any perceived inequity.
    • Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Offering extrinsic rewards for intrinsically rewarding work can decrease overall motivation.

    Reinforcement Theory

    • Schedules of Reinforcement:
      • Continuous reinforcement reinforces desired behavior each time it is demonstrated.
      • Intermittent reinforcement reinforces desired behavior often enough to make it worth repeating, but not every time.
    • Fixed vs. Variable: Reinforcements can be fixed, meaning they occur at predictable intervals, or variable, meaning they occur at unpredictable intervals.

    Social Cognitive Theory

    • Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: Individuals learn by observing the behavior of others and through self-regulation processes.
    • Self-efficacy: Belief in one's capabilities to perform a specific task.
    • Four Ways to Increase Self-Efficacy:
      • Enactive mastery: Gaining relevant experience with the task.
      • Vicarious modeling: Observing someone else successfully completing the task.
      • Verbal persuasion: Being convinced by others that you have the skills for success.
      • Arousal: Energizing yourself to perform better.

    Job Design

    • Job Design: Organizing job elements to influence employee effort.
    • Job Characteristics Model:
      • Skill Variety: The degree to which the job requires a variety of different activities.
      • Task Identity: The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
      • Task Significance: The degree to which the job has an impact on the lives or work of others.
      • Autonomy: The degree to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures.
      • Feedback: The degree to which carrying out work activities provides direct and clear information about performance.

    Motivating by Job Redesign

    • Job Rotation: Moving employees from one task to another.
    • Job Enrichment: Increasing the responsibility and autonomy of a job.
    • Job Enlargement: Adding more tasks to a job at the same level of responsibility.

    Rewarding Individuals with Variable-Pay Programs

    • Variable-pay programs are based on individual or organizational performance measures.
    • Individual-based incentives:
      • Piece-rate pay: Employees are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed.
      • Merit-based pay: Rewards are based on performance appraisal ratings.
      • Bonuses: Significant compensation component for certain jobs.
    • Organizational-based incentives:
      • Profit-sharing plan: Compensation is distributed based on company profitability.
      • Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP): Employees acquire company stock as part of benefits.

    Flexible Benefits

    • Flexible benefits allow employees to tailor benefits packages to their individual needs.
    • Aligns with expectancy theory by linking organizational rewards to personal goals.

    Motivating for Whom?

    • Job engagement refers to an employee's investment of physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.
    • Managers should recognize individual differences in needs and align goals, involvement, and rewards accordingly.
    • Provide specific, challenging goals and feedback.
    • Involve employees in decisions that affect them.
    • Ensure that rewards are linked to desired performance.
    • Check for equity in the rewards system.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of deep-level diversity, cultural intelligence, and motivation theories such as McGregor's Theory X and Y. Additionally, delve into Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and explore different intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. This quiz will help you grasp essential concepts related to workplace dynamics and motivation.

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