Phonology Two
79 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What happens to the meaning of the word 'important' when stress is misplaced on the first syllable?

  • It becomes 'impotent'. (correct)
  • It is pronounced exactly the same.
  • It changes to 'important' but is unrecognizable.
  • It remains the same.

    • Every syllable in a word has equal stress.

    False

    What is the defining feature of a mis-stressed word?

    It can become unrecognizable to the listener.

    The stressed syllable in a word is made __________________ and longer.

    <p>louder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following words with their correct stress pattern for nouns and verbs.

    <p>permit = first syllable stressed as a noun, last syllable stressed as a verb record = first syllable stressed as a noun, last syllable stressed as a verb import = first syllable stressed as a noun, last syllable stressed as a verb increase = first syllable stressed as a noun, last syllable stressed as a verb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following suffixes is never stressed?

    <p>-ly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stressed syllable typically has no change in pitch.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In words with the suffixes '-ary' and '-ator', where is the stress usually placed?

    <p>On the fourth syllable from the end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix typically places stress on the third syllable from the end of a word?

    <p>-graphy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suffix '-ation' stresses the second syllable from the end.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of compound words in terms of stress?

    <p>They are stressed on the first element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suffix '-able' usually __________ the stress pattern of a word.

    <p>does not change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In longer words (four to six syllables), where is the stressed syllable usually located?

    <p>In the middle of the word</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All words have a clearly defined stressed syllable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the words with their correct stress pattern:

    <p>democracy = Third syllable automatic = Second syllable comfortable = Same as root word postman = First element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sentence 'Luke’s taller than Samantha,' the stressed words are typically __________.

    <p>content words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stress that differentiates meaning in sentences?

    <p>Sentence stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a new information in a conversation?

    <p>Mary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Context can change which word in a sentence is stressed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one complex aspect of word stress rules.

    <p>Fraught with exceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sound represented by the schwa is noted as __________.

    <p>/ə/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Same or different?' exercise?

    <p>To recognize stress patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the provided examples with their correct stress rules:

    <p>operate = Different stress pattern beautiful = Different stress pattern Coca cola = Same stress pattern lemonade = Same stress pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication focuses specifically on teaching pronunciation?

    <p>Teaching English Pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elision refers to the omission of sounds in speech.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the authors who wrote about English phonetics.

    <p>Roach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One suggested reading for Module 1 preparation is __________ by Kelly.

    <p>How to Teach Pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following authors with their works:

    <p>Kenworthy = Teaching English Pronunciation Kelly = How to Teach Pronunciation Roach = English Phonetics and Phonology Jenkins = English as Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue when teaching sentence stress to students?

    <p>Students may focus too heavily on the stressed syllable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical sentence, most syllables remain stressed while only one syllable is usually unstressed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activities can help students with sentence stress recognition?

    <p>Dialogue practice or activities that demonstrate stress shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Students should be taught to differentiate sentence stress to improve their ________ skills.

    <p>communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the authors with their contributions to teaching sentence stress:

    <p>Kenworthy = Describes dialogue activities for demonstrating stress shifts Haycraft = Provides materials on sentence stress recognition Cunningham and Bowler = Focuses on productive exercises for stress placement B. Bowler and S. Cunningham = Describe pronunciation exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective strategy for beginners learning sentence stress?

    <p>Using simple dialogues to demonstrate stress changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Imitative production exercises are less valid than conscious thinking about stress placement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what is meant by the term 'shift of stress' in relation to sentence meaning.

    <p>The shift of stress changes the emphasis and can alter the meaning of the sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of bottom-up analysis in language comprehension?

    <p>Language components of the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Features of connected speech, such as weak forms, are often considered useful rather than lazy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is schwa and where is it commonly found?

    <p>Schwa is an unstressed vowel sound commonly found in weak syllables within words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where a sound alters due to neighboring sounds is known as __________.

    <p>assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Assimilation = A phonological phenomenon altering sounds due to nearby sounds Accommodation = The squeezing together of syllables between stressed ones Stress-timed language = Regular intervals of stressed syllables Monosyllable = A word consisting of a single syllable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical focus for learners regarding connected speech, according to Jenkins?

    <p>Understanding nuclear stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connected speech features should not be integrated into pronunciation teaching.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two approaches are discussed concerning understanding language components?

    <p>Top-down and bottom-up approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emphasis on speed and naturalness in language teaching can be achieved through __________.

    <p>drilling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of connected speech?

    <p>Conjugated verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teaching the features of connected speech is deemed unnecessary by most educators.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of recognizing features of connected speech?

    <p>To enhance listening comprehension and understanding of fluent speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Weak forms = Reduced pronunciations of words in connected speech Nuclear stress = Emphasis placed on the most important syllable in a phrase Intonation = The variation in pitch during speech Connected speech = Natural flow of speech that includes reductions and linking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In __________ languages, each syllable tends to take the same length of time to say.

    <p>syllable-timed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the insertion of an extra sound between vowel boundaries in connected speech?

    <p>Intrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elision occurs when a sound is added between two words to aid in smooth pronunciation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of an intrusive sound.

    <p>/r/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In connected speech, the sound /ə/ is known as a __________ sound.

    <p>schwa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phrases with their phonetic transcriptions:

    <p>go away = /gəʊwəweɪ/ first of all = /fɜ:stəvɔ:l/ I scream = /aɪskriːm/ next please = elided sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusively inserted sound is found between the phrases 'I scream' and 'ice cream'?

    <p>No sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Words like 'and' and 'but' are most often pronounced in their weak form.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phoneme is elided in the phrase 'pie and chips'?

    <p>/d/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intrusion of an extra sound helps to link vowel sounds together __________.

    <p>smoothly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phonemes with their corresponding examples of elision:

    <p>/t/ = next please /d/ = old man schwa = suppose none = first day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge in teaching connected speech mentioned in the content?

    <p>Focusing on details may reduce fluency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The weak form of a word is typically used when the word is stressed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elision in fast speech?

    <p>Omission of similar sounds to simplify pronunciation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of an intrusive __________ is found in the phrase 'go away' as /gəʊwəweɪ/.

    <p>sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Intrusive sounds = Sounds inserted between vowel pairs Weak forms = Stressed phrases reducing to a schwa Elision = Omission of a sound for fluency Juncture = Clarity in word boundaries despite linking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a stress-timed language like English?

    <p>Stressed syllables recur at equal time intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In syllable-timed languages, such as French, stressed syllables occur at irregular intervals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major feature of English that affects pronunciation in connected speech?

    <p>Stress-timing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where a speech sound changes to become more like another sound is called __________.

    <p>assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of regressive assimilation?

    <p>'handbag' pronounced as 'hæmbæg'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connected speech allows for pronounced changes in word boundaries without affecting meaning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the linking of sounds between two words in spoken language?

    <p>Liaison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The regular pattern of speech in which unstressed syllables may be __________ is typical in English.

    <p>distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the examples with their type of assimilation:

    <p>'handbag' = Regressive 'would you' = Coalescent 'worked' = Progressive 'moved' = Progressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about connected speech in English is accurate?

    <p>Sound may change based on position within sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In English, compression of syllables between stressed syllables is a hard-and-fast rule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does stress timing have on the pronunciation of English words?

    <p>It leads to the weakening and distortion of unstressed syllables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The connected speech process where sounds influence each other is known as __________.

    <p>assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during coalescent assimilation?

    <p>Two sounds merge into one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Word Stress

    • Word stress highlights the prominent syllable in a word, crucial for comprehension.
    • Misplaced stress can alter meaning or render the word unrecognizable.
    • Stress involves louder, longer pronunciation of a syllable, contrasted with weaker syllables, and often a change in pitch.

    Rules and Tendencies of Word Stress

    • Two-syllable nouns/adjectives: Often stressed on the first syllable ("water," "ugly").
    • Suffixes: Suffixes are generally unstressed ("-ly" in "quietly").
    • Verbs vs. Nouns: Some words (e.g., "increase," "export") have different stress patterns in their verb and noun forms.
    • Specific suffixes: Different suffixes cause stress shifts in a word. Examples:
      • "-ary," "-ator": stress on the fourth syllable from the end (vocabulary, gladiator).
      • "-ity," "-logy," "-graphy," "-cracy," "-sophy": stress on the third syllable from the end (democracy, university).
      • "-ic," "-ation": stress on the second syllable from the end (automatic, administration).
    • General tendency: Four, five, or six syllable words tend to have stress midway between the first and last syllable.
    • Compound words: The stress typically falls on the first part of a compound word ("postman," "newspaper").
    • "-able" suffix: Typically does not change the stress of the root word ("commendable," "comfortable").
    • English as a stress-timed language: English pronunciation has well-defined stressed syllables, recurring at roughly equal intervals. However, the time between stressed syllables can be variable, filled with unstressed syllables/segments which may be compressed. Spoken English differs from written in this regard.

    Teaching Word Stress

    • Learning word stress involves similar stages as sound learning: differentiation, recognition, and production.
    • Recognition exercises: Examples include "same or different" tasks where learners compare stress patterns in pairs of words (e.g., "operate" vs. "beautiful").
    • Production exercises in various materials are available for practice.
    • Simple dialogues can demonstrate stress shift, particularly for beginners. Examples are provided in materials.

    Sentence Stress (Prominence)

    • Sentence stress isn't about one stressed syllable.
    • Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) are typically stressed more than structural words (prepositions, conjunctions).
    • New information and key ideas are often stressed.
    • Old information might be less stressed.
    • Context: Multiple interpretations of a sentence are possible based on stress location.
    • Dialogues: Sentence stress and pitch changes in speech create meaning and nuance; conversational dialogues might have some grammatically incomplete utterances.
    • Conversational context: Consider the conversational atmosphere to determine the stress location, depending on the new/old information.
    • Over-attention to details: Students should avoid over-attention to individual syllables when focusing on stress.

    Connected Speech

    • Stress-timing: Stress-timing is a characteristic of English speech, where stressed syllables are spaced roughly evenly.
    • Syllable-timing: In contrast, syllable-timed languages like French have syllables uttered at roughly equal intervals. English can vary depending on the context (formal vs. informal).
    • Weak forms: Unstressed words often appear in their weak forms, sometimes significantly altered from the citation form, often with vowel reduction (e.g., "to" as /tə/).
    • Assimilation: Sounds can change due to neighboring sounds (e.g., "handbag" might become "hæmbæg"). Assimilation can be regressive or progressive.
    • Catenation (liaison): Smooth joining of words in connected speech, involving linking of sounds (often seen as "linking").
    • Elision: Omission of sounds due to rapid speech. (e.g., final "d" in "and").
    • Intrusion: Insertion of sounds to link or connect vowels (e.g., "pie and chips" might become /paɪjən(d)ʧɪps/).
    • Consonant-vowel linking: Consonant sounds can blend with subsequent vowels.
    • Juncture: Slight pauses or alterations of sound and stress to separate words, enabling understanding.
    • Pronunciation variation: Individual words can vary in pronunciation depending on the surrounding words and the speed of speech.
    • Top-down vs. bottom-up analysis: Learners should focus on holistic understanding, not just individual parts. Top-down focuses on overall knowledge while bottom-up focuses on specific details. Teaching features of connected speech should be balanced. Fluency is critical.
    • Teaching emphasis: Recognize features of connected speech; avoid over-emphasis on the production side.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on word stress rules and tendencies. This quiz covers the significance of syllable prominence and how it affects meaning in the English language. Explore the nuances between different suffixes and the varying stress patterns in verbs and nouns.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser