Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of the chapter?
What is the main focus of the chapter?
- Understanding individual words
- Understanding stories
- Understanding inference and prediction in cognition (correct)
- Understanding how language and music are connected
What did Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference propose?
What did Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference propose?
- Ambiguity in visual stimuli is irrelevant
- Dealing with ambiguity in visual stimuli involves unconscious inference (correct)
- Visual stimuli are always interpreted consciously
- Inference plays no role in visual perception
What does the chapter begin with?
What does the chapter begin with?
- Perceiving and understanding words (correct)
- Understanding sentences with multiple meanings
- The connection between language and music
- The role of inference and prediction in cognition
What recurring themes are encountered throughout the story?
What recurring themes are encountered throughout the story?
What plays a crucial role in language comprehension?
What plays a crucial role in language comprehension?
What is language primarily used for?
What is language primarily used for?
What allows human language to create new and unique sentences?
What allows human language to create new and unique sentences?
What is a universal need across cultures?
What is a universal need across cultures?
What do deaf children in environments without sign language do?
What do deaf children in environments without sign language do?
When do children generally start babbling?
When do children generally start babbling?
What is a key challenge in understanding language?
What is a key challenge in understanding language?
What is a distinguishing feature of human language compared to animal communication?
What is a distinguishing feature of human language compared to animal communication?
What is the role of memories for past experiences in language comprehension?
What is the role of memories for past experiences in language comprehension?
What is the primary purpose of language?
What is the primary purpose of language?
What is a common feature of all languages despite their differences?
What is a common feature of all languages despite their differences?
At what age do children generally form multiword utterances?
At what age do children generally form multiword utterances?
Which of the following is a major concern of psycholinguistics?
Which of the following is a major concern of psycholinguistics?
Who proposed that language is learned through reinforcement?
Who proposed that language is learned through reinforcement?
What does the lexicon refer to in psycholinguistics?
What does the lexicon refer to in psycholinguistics?
Who identified areas in the brain responsible for language production and comprehension?
Who identified areas in the brain responsible for language production and comprehension?
What did Noam Chomsky argue about human language?
What did Noam Chomsky argue about human language?
What is the main focus of the study of psycholinguistics?
What is the main focus of the study of psycholinguistics?
What is the frequency effect in language processing?
What is the frequency effect in language processing?
What did B. F. Skinner propose about language learning?
What did B. F. Skinner propose about language learning?
What is the modern scientific study of language attributed to?
What is the modern scientific study of language attributed to?
What is the role of semantics in language?
What is the role of semantics in language?
What did Chomsky's disagreement with behaviorism lead to?
What did Chomsky's disagreement with behaviorism lead to?
What are the four major concerns of psycholinguistics?
What are the four major concerns of psycholinguistics?
What aids in speech segmentation and word perception for infants?
What aids in speech segmentation and word perception for infants?
What plays a significant role in organizing sounds into words?
What plays a significant role in organizing sounds into words?
What does lexical ambiguity refer to?
What does lexical ambiguity refer to?
What method is used to determine the meanings of ambiguous words in a person's mind?
What method is used to determine the meanings of ambiguous words in a person's mind?
What occurs when a word is followed by another word with a similar meaning, facilitating faster response to the second word?
What occurs when a word is followed by another word with a similar meaning, facilitating faster response to the second word?
What indicates the semantic relatedness of two words in a person's mind, aiding in understanding ambiguous words?
What indicates the semantic relatedness of two words in a person's mind, aiding in understanding ambiguous words?
What aids in distinguishing individual words in speech?
What aids in distinguishing individual words in speech?
What helps in rapidly disambiguating words?
What helps in rapidly disambiguating words?
What is the method used when seeing a stimulus makes it easier to respond to it when presented again, indicating activation of the stimulus representation?
What is the method used when seeing a stimulus makes it easier to respond to it when presented again, indicating activation of the stimulus representation?
What influences our ability to understand spoken words, acquired through learning and experience?
What influences our ability to understand spoken words, acquired through learning and experience?
What does knowledge of word meanings aid in?
What does knowledge of word meanings aid in?
What makes it difficult to distinguish individual words in speech?
What makes it difficult to distinguish individual words in speech?
What is the lexical decision task used for?
What is the lexical decision task used for?
What is the average frequency for low-frequency words?
What is the average frequency for low-frequency words?
How does the duration of the first fixation on low-frequency words compare to high-frequency words?
How does the duration of the first fixation on low-frequency words compare to high-frequency words?
What does the word frequency effect demonstrate?
What does the word frequency effect demonstrate?
What is the total gaze duration on low-frequency words compared to high-frequency words?
What is the total gaze duration on low-frequency words compared to high-frequency words?
What is the difference in average frequency between high-frequency and low-frequency words?
What is the difference in average frequency between high-frequency and low-frequency words?
How are high-frequency words responded to compared to low-frequency words?
How are high-frequency words responded to compared to low-frequency words?
What is the main factor influencing the ability to access word meaning according to the text?
What is the main factor influencing the ability to access word meaning according to the text?
In what way do people pronounce words differently?
In what way do people pronounce words differently?
How do silences between words in normal conversation compare to written language?
How do silences between words in normal conversation compare to written language?
What helps in understanding words according to the text?
What helps in understanding words according to the text?
What has research using the lexical decision task demonstrated?
What has research using the lexical decision task demonstrated?
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Study Notes
The Word Frequency Effect and Processing Differences
- Word frequency refers to the frequency of a word's appearance in a language.
- High-frequency words like "home" are responded to more rapidly than low-frequency words like "hike."
- A lexical decision task is used to illustrate processing differences between high- and low-frequency words.
- Research using the lexical decision task has demonstrated slower responding to low-frequency words.
- Frequency refers to how often a word occurs in normal language usage.
- The average frequency for low-frequency words is 5.1 times per million, while for high-frequency words it is 122.3 times per million.
- The duration of the first fixation on low-frequency words is 37 msec longer compared to high-frequency words.
- The total gaze duration on low-frequency words is 87 msec longer than for high-frequency words.
- The word frequency effect demonstrates how past experience with words influences the ability to access their meaning.
- People pronounce words differently due to accents, speeds, and relaxed approaches to pronunciations.
- Context helps in understanding words, as words are more difficult to understand when taken out of context.
- In normal conversation, there are no silences between words, unlike the physical breaks between words in written language.
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