Woodwind Instruments in Music Appreciation

Music Appreciation

• Woodwind instruments produce sounds by blowing air, altering the air column length (e.g., piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, double bassoon, saxophone)
• Brass instruments produce sound by blowing into cup-shaped mouthpieces and altering lip tension (e.g., trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba)
• Percussion instruments produce sound by hitting, shaking, or scraping (e.g., kettledrums, chimes, xylophone, tambourine, castanets, cymbals, maracas)
• Keyboard instruments produce sound via a keyboard with black and white keys (e.g., piano, harpsichord, celesta, organ)

Genres of Music

• Classical Music (1750-1830): standardized forms like symphony, concerto, and sonata (e.g., "Für Elise," "Symphony No. 5," and "Moonlight Sonata" by Ludwig Van Beethoven)
• Folk Music: traditional popular culture or written in that style, created by unknown composers, and transmitted orally (e.g., "Bahay Kubo," "Magtanim Ay Di Biro," "Paru-parong Bukid," "Leron, Leron Sinta")
• Pop Music (1950s): inspired by rock and roll (e.g., songs by Sarah G., Bini, SB19, and other Filipino pop bands)
• Jazz (late 19th and early 20th centuries): originated in African-American communities in New Orleans (e.g., "Fly Me to the Moon," "The Way You Look Tonight," and "What a Wonderful World")
• Blues (late 19th century): originated from African Americans in the Deep South of the United States (e.g., "The Thrill is Gone," "Midnight Healing," and "Tennessee Whiskey")
• Rock Music (mid to late 1960s): emerged from rock and roll and pop music, characterized by musical experimentation and anti-establishment lyrics (e.g., songs by Parokya ni Edgar, Eraserheads, Rivermaya, Bamboo, and Aegis)

Elements of Music

• Rhythm: uniform recurrence of accented and unaccented beats
• Melody: succession of tones, rising and falling of the tune in time
• Harmony: sounding of a series or group of tones, producing a pleasing sound in concordance and unpleasant in dissonance
• Timbre: tonal quality or character, distinguishing between different sounds (e.g., guitar vs. violin, man's voice vs. woman's voice)
• Form: structure or framework of a composition (e.g., sonata, symphony, sonata for solo instruments)
• Dynamics: loudness and softness of sound in music (symbols: pp, p, mp, f, ff, crescendo, decrescendo)

Dance

• Elements of dance: music, movement, choreography, technique, theme, design, and costume
• Types of dance:
  • Ethnic dances: folk dances associated with national or cultural groups (e.g., Tinikling, Pandanggo sa Ilaw, Singkil)
  • Social or Ballroom dances: performed in pairs (e.g., Tango, Waltz, Boogie)
  • Ballet: originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era, characterized by solo or concerted performances accompanied by music
  • Contemporary or Interpretative dances: personal communication of moods and themes, influenced by societal trends in music (e.g., Hip-hop, popular dance crazes)

Literature

• Types of literature:
  • Fiction (e.g., legends, folk tales, fairy tales, short stories, novels)
  • Non-fiction (e.g., biographies, autobiographies, essays)
• Elements of fiction:
  • Plot: exposition, rising action, flashbacks, climax, resolution
  • Setting: locale, period, scenery, props, costumes
  • Characters: protagonist, antagonists, dialogue
• Genres of fiction:
  • Novel: long fictional prose, divided into chapters
  • Short Story: revolves around a single main incident
  • Fable: contains characters that can't normally talk
  • Myth: stories passed down about how or why something came to be

Drama

• Elements of drama:
  • Plot: exposition, rising action, climax, resolution
  • Setting: locale, period, scenery, props, costumes
  • Characters: protagonist, antagonists, dialogue
• Genres of drama:
  • Tragedy: solemn and serious, featuring a central character who experiences a downfall due to a character flaw
  • Melodrama: battle between good and evil, with good triumphing in the end
  • Comedy: portrays human weaknesses and limitations with humor
  • Satire: critiques human behavior to suggest paths to improvement
  • Farce: light, humorous play focusing on jokes, exaggerated situations, and improbable characters### Theater and Cinema
• A playwright develops the plot and dialogue of a play, creating a script or play.
• Performers/actors portray characters in a play, using role-playing to connect with the audience.
• A director collaborates with the playwright to interpret and translate the play into a performance.
• Production design involves scenery, props, makeup, costumes, lights, music, sound, and special effects to create a spectacle.

Theater Forms

• Arena stage theaters (theater-in-the-round) feature a circular playing space with the audience surrounding the performers.
• Thrust stage (open stage) theaters have a protruding stage that extends into the audience.

Parts of the Stage

• The path an actor takes onstage, known as blocking, is decided by the actor and director, and noted by the stage manager.
• Wings are the areas on either side of the stage that the audience does not normally see.

Cinema

• Cinema, also known as motion pictures, movies, or films, is a popular form of entertainment that creates the illusion of motion by projecting images onto a screen.
• Cinema combines entertainment with instruction, allowing audiences to immerse themselves in imaginary worlds.

Theater Terminologies

• Act: a division in the performance of a play, where the human eye perceives continuous movement.
• Curtain call: what happens at the end of a play, when the actors acknowledge the audience's applause.
• House: the place where the audience sits to enjoy the performance on stage.
• Production Stage Manager (PSM): responsible for coordinating every aspect of the production, scheduling cues, and maintaining the director's artistic vision.
• Production Assistant (PA): helps prepare the space, runs errands, sets props, and supports the SM team.
• Running Crew: men and women backstage who help set scenery, props, and costumes during a performance.
• Call Time: the time actors must arrive for rehearsal or performance, as dictated by the SM.
• Blocking: the path actors take onstage, decided by the actor and director, and noted by the SM.

People Behind a Motion Picture

• Actors: play the roles of characters in the film, mentally and physically prepared for their roles.
• Producer: handles finances, supervises the production process, and arranges distribution to theaters.
• Screenwriters: develop stories and ideas for the screen, creating original scripts or adapting existing written works.
• Director: studies the script, plans and visualizes the film, guiding both actors and the production crew.

The Elements of Cinema

• Acting and the Stars: involves portraying or impersonating a character, with performers embodying their characters.
• Set and Art Direction: creates artificial sets, with well-researched and realistic settings making the story authentic.
• Music and Musical Direction: music is essential in films, with musical directors selecting and composing new songs, and supervising all recording.
• Color: a significant innovation in cinematography, with modern films shown in high-definition color.
• Make-up, Hair, and Costume Design: professionals apply makeup, design hairstyles, and create costumes for actors.
• Sound, Camera, and Special Effects Technicians: ensure clear dialogue and high-quality music, deciding on lens use, camera angles, movements, and special effects.

Photography

• Types of photography include:
  • Portrait Photography: aims to capture expression, emotion, and personality.
  • Fashion Photography: dedicated to displaying fashion items.
  • Product Photography: captures specific needs.
  • Still Life Photography: aims to capture inanimate subjects.
  • Editorial Photography: image with text alongside it for publication to educate.
  • Sports Photography: captures people and sports accessories in action.
  • Candid Photography: fun and creative, capturing unintended emotion.
  • Architectural Photography: captures buildings, skyscrapers, bridges, and monuments.
  • Travel Photography: captures places, streets, cultures, food, landscapes, history, and people.
  • Nature and Wildlife Photography: captures everything nature has to offer.

Rizal's Annotation– Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas (Antonio Morga)

• Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas was written by Antonio Morga, a Spanish lawyer and government official.
• The book chronicles the deeds achieved by the Spaniards and documents the discovery of the Filipinas Islands.
• The book is a historical account describing the scenarios in the Philippines from 1493-1603 under the Spaniards.
• Rizal's annotation aimed to awaken the consciousness of Filipinos regarding their glorious past, prove that Filipinos were civilized and advanced before the Spaniards arrived, and correct the Spanish conquistadors' negative accounts of Filipino culture.

Noli Me Tangere

• Noli Me Tangere, written by Dr. Jose Rizal, is a novel that awakened nationalism among Filipinos during Rizal's time.
• The book deals with the socio-cultural and political aspects of life in the Philippines.
• The title, "Noli Me Tangere," is a Latin phrase from the Bible, meaning "Touch Me Not."
• Characters in the novel include:
  • Crisostomo Ibarra: a Filipino who studied in Europe for 7 years, representing the Filipino who acquired European ideas through education.
  • Elias: Ibarra's mysterious friend, a master boater, and fugitive, representing the Filipino masses suffering from Spanish brutalities.
  • Maria Clara: Ibarra's love interest, representing the religious upbringing, loyalty, and religiosity of Filipino women.
  • Padre Damaso: a friar and Maria Clara's biological father, representing the corrupt Catholic friars.
  • Sisa: mother of Basilio and Crispin, representing unfortunate Filipina mothers losing their children.
  • Kapitan Tiago: a pessimistic and misunderstood philosopher challenging Catholic beliefs and social issues.
  • Doña Victorina: a Filipina who rejects her own culture in favor of Spanish ways.
  • Pedro: an abusive husband who loves cockfighting.
  • Don Rafael Ibarra: Ibarra's father, a concerned citizen and property owner.
  • The School Master: a teacher at San Diego, representing the weak and ineffective education system.
  • Tandang Pablo: a leader of the rebels, whose family was destroyed by Spaniards.
  • Basilio: Sisa's elder son.
  • Crispin: Sisa's younger son, who died from punishment by soldiers.
  • Padre Sibyla: a Filipino friar described as short and fair-skinned.### El Filibusterismo
• Return to the Philippines: Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin returns after 7 years in Europe.
• Welcome Party: Captain Tiago hosts a party where Fray Dámaso insults Ibarra.
• Visit to María Clara: Ibarra visits his betrothed, María Clara, showcasing their deep love.
• Father's Death: Lieutenant Guevara tells Ibarra about his father's unjust imprisonment and death caused by Dámaso.
• School Plan: Ibarra pursues his father's dream of building a school for the country's progress.
• Assassination Attempt: Elias saves Ibarra from a sabotage attempt during the school's inauguration.

Characters

• Simoun: Crisóstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a revolution.
• Basilio: Risen from poverty to become Captain Tiago's charge, close to acquiring his medical degree.
• Isagani: Poet and Basilio's best friend, emotional and reactive.
• Kabesang Tales: Former cabeza de barangay, revolutionary leader, and father of Basilio.
• Ben Zayb: Journalist who believes he is the only one thinking in the Philippines.

Plot

• Simoun's Plan: Seeks revenge against Spanish officials, aims to rescue Maria Clara from the convent, and plans a revolution.
• Key Allies: Basilio, Kabesang Tales, and others.
• Strategy: Encourages corruption and oppressive policies to incite anger among citizens.

Conclusion

• Consequences: Simoun's plot is exposed, and he is hunted by law enforcers.
• Final Scene: Elias, mortally wounded, finds Basilio and the lifeless Sisa in the forest.

Additional Information

• Graciano Lopez Jaena's Critique: Not satisfied with the ending of "El Filibusterismo".
• Rizal's Third Novel: Began in 1892 in Hong Kong, initially written in Tagalog, and later restarted in Spanish.

Context

• Spaniards introduced patriarchal values to the Philippines, relegating women to domestic roles.
• Women's education emphasized subservience to men.

Rizal's Message to the Young Women of Malolos

• Urged mothers to be the first teachers of their children, instilling values of independence, critical thinking, and self-respect.
• Duties of the Filipino Mothers: Raise children close to God, awaken and prepare their minds, and teach honor and integrity.

Rizal's Goals

• Sought equal educational opportunities for Filipino women.
• Wanted education to liberate women from traditional roles.
• Encouraged vigilance over their rights and active resistance against injustices.

The Philippines a Century Hence

• Causes of Misery: Spanish military policies, cultural deterioration, passivity, and submissiveness.
• Rizal's suggested reforms: freedom of the press, representation of the Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes, and greater security for the individual.

The Indolence of the Filipinos

• Rizal defended Filipinos against the accusation of indolence, arguing that external factors contribute to laziness.
• External factors: tropical climate, lack of material and moral incentives, and the teaching of the Spanish missionaries that heaven is for the poor.

Rizal's Concept of Nation Building

• Education: essential for freedom and self-knowledge.
• Racial Pride and Dignity: instilling these among the people.
• National Consciousness: promoting awareness and unity.
• Re-orientation of Values and Attitudes: shifting perspectives towards nationalistic goals.
• Sacrifice for the Country: encouraging willingness to endure hardships for national betterment.