Women's Representation in Education and Leadership

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of women are represented as professors in post-secondary institutions?

28% (correct)

50%

40%

55%

What reason is given for the underrepresentation of women in positions of power?

Historical exclusion of women from participation in the workforce and politics. (correct)

Men are more qualified than women.

Fewer women are pursuing higher education.

Women are less interested in leadership roles.

Which percentage reflects the representation of women on school boards in 2019?

55%

47% (correct)

40%

33%

Which perspective do feminists argue is lacking in educational curriculums?

Female voices and contributions. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women are represented in the role of university president?

33% Signup and view all the answers

What issue do feminists highlight regarding sports teams in schools?

Male teams are prioritized with better resources. Signup and view all the answers

In 2017, what percentage of full-time teaching staff at post-secondary institutions were women?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the underrepresentation of women in educational leadership have?

It results in fewer diverse perspectives in decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What criteria does Canada prioritize in its immigration applications?

High levels of education Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Brain Drain' refer to in the context of immigration?

Developing countries losing their highly educated citizens Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical approach focuses on understanding the meanings associated with social circumstances on a micro level?

Symbolic Interactionism Signup and view all the answers

Why might children from immigrant families experience a different meaning of education compared to others?

Their parents often value education differently Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage do immigrant families often face despite having high levels of education?

Recognition of foreign credentials Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the intended outcomes for parents who immigrate to a new country?

To create a better life for their children Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does not relate to systemic discrimination in Canada’s immigration policy?

Open recognition of all foreign qualifications Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immigration, what is emphasized when using Verstehen?

Understanding the immigrant experience empathetically Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential lurking variable that may influence both grades and income after university?

Socio-economic status Signup and view all the answers

How does high socio-economic status (SES) affect university performance?

Access to financial resources and tutors Signup and view all the answers

Why might higher grades predict higher income after university?

Grades reflect soft skills and time management Signup and view all the answers

What effect does socio-economic status have on job acquisition after graduation?

It allows for more selective job choices Signup and view all the answers

What relationship is suggested between grades and income?

Higher grades are generally associated with higher income Signup and view all the answers

During summer, what is likely to increase based on rising temperatures?

Ice cream sales Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of socio-economic status might contribute to higher grades in university?

Availability of academic resources Signup and view all the answers

How might financial stress impact a student's university performance?

It can decrease motivation to study Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the adoption of the new policies regarding special accommodations?

To reduce the amount of overtime for admin TAs Signup and view all the answers

What does instrumental or means-end rationality focus on in social action?

The effectiveness of achieving desired outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Why did the university allow the class to have 250 students?

To maximize resource utilization within the department Signup and view all the answers

What does the sentiment expressed by older generations imply about their views on younger generations?

They think younger generations lack ideals Signup and view all the answers

What was the workload of the admin TAs in relation to special accommodation requests?

They spent the majority of their hours addressing requests Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rationality emphasizes the importance of conditions and other human beings in achieving goals?

Instrumental Rationality Signup and view all the answers

What was the response time to the large number of special accommodation requests?

5 minutes per request on average Signup and view all the answers

In the discussion of class sizes, what aspect is NOT emphasized as a reason for the large class?

Student-instructor ratio Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the increasing costs of university education over the last 30 years?

Increased demand for student services and inflation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Symbolic Interactionism perspective, what is considered crucial for understanding social behavior?

Understanding individual subjective meanings attached to social circumstances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a principle of Symbolic Interactionism?

The importance of large-scale societal structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of international students on university funding?

They contribute greatly to increasing university revenue. Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception about the increase in university tuition?

It derives from increased student enrollment rates. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes micro-sociology from macro-sociology?

Study of small groups and personal interactions Signup and view all the answers

Why is the increase in university budgets seen as a structural issue?

Due to inflation and rising service demands without corresponding funding increases Signup and view all the answers

What role do individuals play in Symbolic Interactionism?

Creating and shaping their social realities Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of intersectionality primarily concerned with?

The interaction between different forms of oppression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the multiplicative effect in intersectionality?

It identifies unique experiences created by the combination of identities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sets of variables could be analyzed using the concept of intersectionality?

Gender, race, and immigration status Signup and view all the answers

What unique disadvantage does a Black woman face according to the intersectionality theory?

Disadvantages associated with being both Black and a woman Signup and view all the answers

In the context of educational attainment in Canada, which group generally performs better?

Children of immigrants Signup and view all the answers

What does intersectionality allow researchers to consider regarding marginalized groups?

The unique experiences of discrimination each group faces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups represents a combination of multiple identities in intersectional analysis?

Binary, White, Immigrants Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'statistical interactions' refer to in the context of intersectionality?

When the effect of one variable relies on another Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sociology of Education - Part 2

Course: SOC100: Intro to Sociology
Instructor: Dr. Mitch McIvor
This is part 2 of a series on the sociology of education.
The lecture slides cover important course information like upcoming deadlines, house-keeping items and the sociology of education.

Course Schedule

Important Dates: Tutorial 2, Debate Paper 1 is due next week.
Important reminders: Re-submission is optional but recommended. There is a 7-day no-questions-asked grace period after the deadline to submit a late paper without penalty.
Instructions: For tutorial 1 reflections, students are to summarize the material presented in their own words to show reflection on the tutorial content. Copied and pasted text from the slides doesn't count toward the word-count.
AM Quizzes: AM Quiz 2 grades were posted last Friday, Sept. 13. AM Quiz 3 grades will be posted this Friday, Sept. 20. There is no make-up or extension for missed AM quizzes. Missing reflection scores will be replaced with the final exam grade.
Debate Paper Instructions: Debate papers are an independent project. A detailed rubric, a formatting template, and tutorials are available. Students are encouraged to submit a second paper in case the first one doesn't meet expectations.

General Course Policies

AM quizzes: If opened early but not completed, the final exam grade will replace any missed AM Quizzes.
Tutorial Reflections: If a student does not submit their tutorial reflection, the task will not be reopened. 100-word responses, that make sense, will receive a 100% mark for the reflection task. TAs will allow up to 15 minutes for the activity. If technology fails, the reflection task can be completed on paper and submitted to the TA by the end of the tutorial.
For any course-related questions: First check the syllabus, FAQs on Quercus, relevant discussion boards. If the answer isn't found, bring the question to lecture or the instructor's office hours. Emails need to be directed to the course email address.
Office Hours: Office hours are available and the link is found on the home page. No students are left behind!

Applying Sociology

Knowledge isn't power until it's applied. This is a quote by Dale Carnegie.

Understanding Our Class

Why is the class this large?
The university allowed large class sizes due to the current funding constraints and cost versus benefit analysis regarding student tuition in relation to the current cost of education
Current sentiments suggest that the older generations are idealistic and that the younger generations think older generations are jaded and vice versa. Sociology can help to explain this misunderstanding, particularly Max Weber's work.

Instrumental vs. Value Rationality

Weber identified these different types of action
Instrumental (Means-End) : Choosing the most efficient way to achieve the desired outcome. Considering conditions and other people who might affect goals.
Value-Rationality : Making decisions based on ethical values.
The distinction is helpful when applied to the ideal (theory) versus reality (experience). For example, in politics, the theory suggests that politicians make decisions based on what's best for society. The reality suggests a balance between what is best, what the people want, and the compromises required to be in power.
Democracy is the worst form of government-except for all the others that have been tried. This is a quote by Winston Churchill.
Society is constantly moving towards instrumental rather than religious ways to accomplish goals and societal issues.
Applying the idea to academic choices- careers or university or college majors, one might consider passions and values versus practical constraints of money, employment, or social capital.

Instrumental vs. Value Rationality- Education

The cost of education, even in a province like Ontario with funding, is affected by inflation and not being able to keep up with costs despite the government trying to keep tuition low, creates a budget shortfall.
The current model does not allow the universities to cover expenses.
Cost can be mitigated by increasing class sizes or by asking international students to pay higher tuition rates.

Other Hypotheses

Universities' financial situations are complex
University professors make more money than professors in other nations which is an important issue for retention.
There could be a high level of administration in universities which suggests that the need for these offices has shifted over time.
Universities focused on research as the primary source of funding which can create a risk of problems (e.g. opioid crisis).
Universities have many competing interests in terms of how money is allocated and the way that each institution prioritizes these different areas.
Omitted variable bias in an economic study on grades and income could include factors like socio-economic status which influences both university grades and income after university.

Summary of Instrumental/Value Rationality

Key issue is how to balance student learning with university budget
International students may help bridge the gap by making the education affordable.

Do Grades Matter?

Studies suggest grades don't fully reflect overall intelligence.
Omitted variables and lurking variables affect the correlation or association studies make (e.g., higher ice cream sales and shark attacks).
The cause, in the ice cream example could be a hidden variable of "hot weather' which causes both more ice cream sales and a greater likelihood of shark attacks).
Applying this to the economics study concerning grades and income, Socio-economic status (SES) is the lurking variable.

How Does SES Affect Both Grades and Income?

High Socioeconomic Status (SES) benefits students since they have access to tutors, financial security allows not needing to work part-time, have better network connections, have greater knowledge of academic content and more. This can affect graduation performance.
Students with high SES can have more opportunities by waiting for the right employment after graduation since financial and networking support is available.

The Experience of Education

Grade chasing is problematic
Grade interpretations can affect self-esteem and mastery.
Pressures of succeeding can lead to issues such as social isolation
Pressure to succeed leads to poor mental health among students
Mental health and wellbeing among students should be considered.
Important to consider what factors are affecting education outcome (e.g., lack of social support, financial pressure)

Feminism & Education

Feminism in education involves three primary issues
Underrepresentation in positions of power (professors, administrators, school board members).
Gender representation in school activities: Curriculums lack female voices, textbooks often uphold traditional gender roles. Male sports teams receive more resources.
Sexual harassment: A hostile school environment for female students.

Critical Race Theory

Race is socially constructed
Racism is a system within institutions like politics, economics, education.
Progress in racial issues happens when it benefits the dominant group, not necessarily from altruistic intent.
Intersectionality means membership in multiple groups shapes the experience of discrimination.

Race, Ethnicity, and Education

Indigenous community educational outcomes are lower, largely due to the lasting effects of residential schools (cultural assimilation, abuse).
Brain Drain: Canada attempts to import/target the best and brightest students from other countries, this is a global practice known as Brain drain and creates disadvantage for developing countries where those same students are from.

Symbolic Interactionism & Education

Meaning and experience of education vary across different student groups.
Immigrant parents prioritize education for their children to make up for their own sacrifices/ challenges
Indigenous students have a different experience of education due to the legacy of residential schools

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Description

This quiz explores the representation of women in various educational roles and leadership positions within post-secondary institutions. It examines statistics on women as professors, university presidents, and their presence in school boards, alongside feminist perspectives on educational curriculums and issues in school sports. Test your knowledge on these crucial topics related to gender and education.