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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding?
What is the primary goal of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding?
What is the definition of oligomenorrhea?
What is the definition of oligomenorrhea?
Which of the following is a complication of vaginal bleeding?
Which of the following is a complication of vaginal bleeding?
What is the definition of menopause?
What is the definition of menopause?
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Which of the following is a treatment option for dysmenorrhea?
Which of the following is a treatment option for dysmenorrhea?
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What is the purpose of a resectoscope in endometrial ablation?
What is the purpose of a resectoscope in endometrial ablation?
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What is the primary cause of anemia in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding?
What is the primary cause of anemia in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding?
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Why is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) known as a syndrome and not a disease?
Why is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) known as a syndrome and not a disease?
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What is the primary cause of Dysmenorrhea?
What is the primary cause of Dysmenorrhea?
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Which of the following is a symptom of menopause?
Which of the following is a symptom of menopause?
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What is the action of prostaglandins on smooth muscles?
What is the action of prostaglandins on smooth muscles?
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What is the primary goal of diet therapy in the treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
What is the primary goal of diet therapy in the treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
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What is the primary type of Dysmenorrhea?
What is the primary type of Dysmenorrhea?
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What is the primary symptom of Dysmenorrhea?
What is the primary symptom of Dysmenorrhea?
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What is the primary treatment option for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
What is the primary treatment option for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
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What is the primary medication used to treat Dysmenorrhea?
What is the primary medication used to treat Dysmenorrhea?
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What is the primary reason why hysterectomy is used as a treatment option for endometriosis?
What is the primary reason why hysterectomy is used as a treatment option for endometriosis?
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What is the most common symptom of leiomyomas?
What is the most common symptom of leiomyomas?
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What is the diagnosis of choice for uterine fibroids?
What is the diagnosis of choice for uterine fibroids?
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What is the primary treatment option for a 26-year-old woman who wishes to have children and is diagnosed with uterine fibroids?
What is the primary treatment option for a 26-year-old woman who wishes to have children and is diagnosed with uterine fibroids?
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What is the most common clinical manifestation of endometriosis?
What is the most common clinical manifestation of endometriosis?
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What is the primary goal of using medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of endometriosis?
What is the primary goal of using medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of endometriosis?
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What is the primary diagnosis of endometriosis?
What is the primary diagnosis of endometriosis?
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What is the primary treatment option for a woman diagnosed with endometriosis who desires to have children?
What is the primary treatment option for a woman diagnosed with endometriosis who desires to have children?
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What is the primary mechanism by which hyperinsulinemia contributes to androgen excess in PCOS?
What is the primary mechanism by which hyperinsulinemia contributes to androgen excess in PCOS?
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What is the primary role of insulin in the pathogenesis of PCOS?
What is the primary role of insulin in the pathogenesis of PCOS?
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What is the primary cause of anovulation in PCOS?
What is the primary cause of anovulation in PCOS?
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What is the primary characteristic of the ovaries in PCOS?
What is the primary characteristic of the ovaries in PCOS?
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What is the primary symptom of PCOS?
What is the primary symptom of PCOS?
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What is the primary method of diagnosing PCOS?
What is the primary method of diagnosing PCOS?
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What is the primary treatment for cervical cancer?
What is the primary treatment for cervical cancer?
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What is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer?
What is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer?
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What is the current recommendation regarding Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for menopause?
What is the current recommendation regarding Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for menopause?
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What is the primary cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
What is the primary cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
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What is the primary cause of natural menopause?
What is the primary cause of natural menopause?
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What is the characteristic of Endometriosis?
What is the characteristic of Endometriosis?
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What is a common symptom of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
What is a common symptom of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
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What is the purpose of Bisphosphonates in the treatment of menopause?
What is the purpose of Bisphosphonates in the treatment of menopause?
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What is a non-hormonal treatment for menopause symptoms?
What is a non-hormonal treatment for menopause symptoms?
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What is a complication of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
What is a complication of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
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Study Notes
Menstrual Disorders
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS):
- A group of physiological and psychological symptoms
- Symptoms vary from month to month
- Treatment: stress reduction techniques, exercise program, diet therapy, and drug therapy
- Dysmenorrhea:
- Painful cramps that may occur before or during the menstrual period
- 2 types: primary (common) and secondary (disorder of female reproductive organ)
- Cause: excessive prostaglandins
- Signs and symptoms: aching pain in the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue
- Abdominal Vaginal Bleeding:
- Definition: bleeding from the uterus between menstrual periods
- Complications: anemia, toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
- Treatment: drug therapy, balloon thermotherapy, myomectomy, and endometrial ablation
Endometriosis
- Definition: presence of normal endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
- Clinical manifestation: dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, dysuria, and infertility
- Diagnosis: pelvic exam, ultrasound, and laparoscopy
- Treatment: ibuprofen, oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, danazol, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
Benign Reproductive Tumors
- Leiomyomas (Uterine Fibroids):
- Benign smooth muscle tumors in the uterus
- Diagnosed with hysteroscopy
- Signs and symptoms: abnormal uterine bleeding, pain, and pelvic pressure
- Treatment: myomectomy, hysterectomy, and cryosurgery
Menopause
- Definition: cessation of menses for 12 months
- Causes: natural decline of reproductive hormones, hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
- Treatment: drug therapy (no longer encourages hormone replacement therapy), non-hormonal therapy (cool environment, loose fitting clothing, moisturizing soaps and lotions, healthy diet, and exercise)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Cause: gonorrhea and chlamydial infections spread up the reproductive system into the peritoneal cavity
- Manifestation: abdominal pain, fever, and vaginal discharge
- Diagnosis: vaginal culture
- Complications: septic shock, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
- Treatment: drug therapy, force fluids, heat to abdomen or Sitz bath, and patient teaching – prevention of re-infection
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
- Definition: bilateral enlarged ovaries, multiple outer follicular cysts, absence of corpora lutea, failed ovulation, and hyperplastic ovarian stroma + thickening capsule
- Signs and symptoms: irregular menstrual periods, hirsutism, obesity, acne, and no ovulation
- Diagnosis: ultrasound and laparoscopy
- Treatment: medication (oral contraceptives, spironolactone, leuprolide, Metformin, and clomiphene), surgery (oophorectomy), and additional treatment (weight management, exercise, monitor lipid profile, and monitor glucose levels)
Cancers of Female Reproductive System
- Cervical cancer:
- Early changes in cervical epithelial tissue consist of dysplasia
- Etiology: strongly linked to STDs (herpes simplex virus type 2, human papilloma virus)
- High risk factors: multiple sex partners, sexual intercourse in early teen years, and patient history of STDs
- Staging: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) graded from I to III
- Other cancers: endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulva cancer
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Description
This quiz covers the symptoms, treatment, and management of menstrual cramps and abdominal bleeding in women. Topics include pain management, drug therapy, and alternative relaxation techniques.
