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What is the primary goal of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding?
What is the definition of oligomenorrhea?
Which of the following is a complication of vaginal bleeding?
What is the definition of menopause?
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Which of the following is a treatment option for dysmenorrhea?
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What is the purpose of a resectoscope in endometrial ablation?
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What is the primary cause of anemia in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding?
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Why is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) known as a syndrome and not a disease?
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What is the primary cause of Dysmenorrhea?
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Which of the following is a symptom of menopause?
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What is the action of prostaglandins on smooth muscles?
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What is the primary goal of diet therapy in the treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
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What is the primary type of Dysmenorrhea?
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What is the primary symptom of Dysmenorrhea?
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What is the primary treatment option for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?
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What is the primary medication used to treat Dysmenorrhea?
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What is the primary reason why hysterectomy is used as a treatment option for endometriosis?
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What is the most common symptom of leiomyomas?
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What is the diagnosis of choice for uterine fibroids?
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What is the primary treatment option for a 26-year-old woman who wishes to have children and is diagnosed with uterine fibroids?
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What is the most common clinical manifestation of endometriosis?
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What is the primary goal of using medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of endometriosis?
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What is the primary diagnosis of endometriosis?
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What is the primary treatment option for a woman diagnosed with endometriosis who desires to have children?
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What is the primary mechanism by which hyperinsulinemia contributes to androgen excess in PCOS?
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What is the primary role of insulin in the pathogenesis of PCOS?
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What is the primary cause of anovulation in PCOS?
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What is the primary characteristic of the ovaries in PCOS?
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What is the primary symptom of PCOS?
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What is the primary method of diagnosing PCOS?
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What is the primary treatment for cervical cancer?
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What is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer?
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What is the current recommendation regarding Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for menopause?
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What is the primary cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
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What is the primary cause of natural menopause?
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What is the characteristic of Endometriosis?
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What is a common symptom of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
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What is the purpose of Bisphosphonates in the treatment of menopause?
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What is a non-hormonal treatment for menopause symptoms?
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What is a complication of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
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Study Notes
Menstrual Disorders
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS):
- A group of physiological and psychological symptoms
- Symptoms vary from month to month
- Treatment: stress reduction techniques, exercise program, diet therapy, and drug therapy
- Dysmenorrhea:
- Painful cramps that may occur before or during the menstrual period
- 2 types: primary (common) and secondary (disorder of female reproductive organ)
- Cause: excessive prostaglandins
- Signs and symptoms: aching pain in the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue
- Abdominal Vaginal Bleeding:
- Definition: bleeding from the uterus between menstrual periods
- Complications: anemia, toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
- Treatment: drug therapy, balloon thermotherapy, myomectomy, and endometrial ablation
Endometriosis
- Definition: presence of normal endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
- Clinical manifestation: dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, dysuria, and infertility
- Diagnosis: pelvic exam, ultrasound, and laparoscopy
- Treatment: ibuprofen, oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, danazol, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
Benign Reproductive Tumors
- Leiomyomas (Uterine Fibroids):
- Benign smooth muscle tumors in the uterus
- Diagnosed with hysteroscopy
- Signs and symptoms: abnormal uterine bleeding, pain, and pelvic pressure
- Treatment: myomectomy, hysterectomy, and cryosurgery
Menopause
- Definition: cessation of menses for 12 months
- Causes: natural decline of reproductive hormones, hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
- Treatment: drug therapy (no longer encourages hormone replacement therapy), non-hormonal therapy (cool environment, loose fitting clothing, moisturizing soaps and lotions, healthy diet, and exercise)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Cause: gonorrhea and chlamydial infections spread up the reproductive system into the peritoneal cavity
- Manifestation: abdominal pain, fever, and vaginal discharge
- Diagnosis: vaginal culture
- Complications: septic shock, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
- Treatment: drug therapy, force fluids, heat to abdomen or Sitz bath, and patient teaching – prevention of re-infection
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
- Definition: bilateral enlarged ovaries, multiple outer follicular cysts, absence of corpora lutea, failed ovulation, and hyperplastic ovarian stroma + thickening capsule
- Signs and symptoms: irregular menstrual periods, hirsutism, obesity, acne, and no ovulation
- Diagnosis: ultrasound and laparoscopy
- Treatment: medication (oral contraceptives, spironolactone, leuprolide, Metformin, and clomiphene), surgery (oophorectomy), and additional treatment (weight management, exercise, monitor lipid profile, and monitor glucose levels)
Cancers of Female Reproductive System
- Cervical cancer:
- Early changes in cervical epithelial tissue consist of dysplasia
- Etiology: strongly linked to STDs (herpes simplex virus type 2, human papilloma virus)
- High risk factors: multiple sex partners, sexual intercourse in early teen years, and patient history of STDs
- Staging: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) graded from I to III
- Other cancers: endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulva cancer
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Description
This quiz covers the symptoms, treatment, and management of menstrual cramps and abdominal bleeding in women. Topics include pain management, drug therapy, and alternative relaxation techniques.
