Exam 2 CHAPTER 9

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the 'labyrinth' as it relates to women's career advancement, contrasting it with the 'glass ceiling'?

  • The 'labyrinth' describes a situation where women are promoted quickly, but to roles with no real power, which is different from the 'glass ceiling' effect.
  • The 'labyrinth' represents a complex and winding path with both visible and invisible challenges, implying that progress is possible but requires navigation skills and strategies, whereas the 'glass ceiling' implies an outright barrier. (correct)
  • The 'labyrinth' suggests an easily navigable path with clear obstacles, unlike the 'glass ceiling' which implies hidden barriers.
  • The 'labyrinth' refers to intentional discrimination only, unlike the 'glass ceiling' which encompasses both intentional and unintentional biases.

In the context of gender and work, what does 'role congruity theory' suggest about prejudice against women in leadership positions?

  • Prejudice arises because women are perceived as lacking the necessary skills to lead effectively.
  • Prejudice is a result of women not being assertive enough in pursuing leadership opportunities.
  • Prejudice is primarily driven by men feeling threatened by women's increasing competence and success in the workplace.
  • Prejudice stems from a perceived incongruity between the traits and behaviors associated with women and the traits and behaviors associated with leadership roles, leading to negative evaluations. (correct)

Which of the following is the MOST accurate representation of how occupational segregation contributes to gender inequality?

  • Occupational segregation increases productivity because it allows individuals to focus on tasks that align with their natural abilities.
  • Occupational segregation is a historical artifact that no longer has a significant impact on current gender dynamics in the workplace.
  • Occupational segregation leads to disparities in pay and status, as female-dominated occupations are often undervalued and underpaid compared to male-dominated occupations. (correct)
  • Occupational segregation ensures that men and women have equal opportunities to enter any profession they choose, thus minimizing inequality.

How does the 'motherhood penalty' manifest in the workplace, and what factor would MOST likely exacerbate this penalty?

<p>The 'motherhood penalty' involves mothers being perceived as less competent and committed, leading to fewer opportunities and lower pay; this is exacerbated when mothers work in male-dominated fields.. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the central idea of the 'expansionist hypothesis' regarding the effects of multiple roles on women's well-being?

<p>Multiple roles can provide diverse sources of social support, self-esteem, and opportunities for personal growth, ultimately enhancing well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies the 'spillover effect' in the context of work and family roles?

<p>A stressful day at work leads to increased irritability and impatience with family members at home. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in implementing the concept of 'comparable worth' to address the gender pay gap?

<p>It is difficult to objectively measure and compare the value of different jobs, especially those traditionally held by men versus women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do U.S. parental leave policies generally compare to those of Sweden?

<p>Sweden offers substantially more generous paid parental leave benefits than the U.S. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might stereotypes about women's leadership abilities affect women's advancement into leadership positions?

<p>Stereotypes can lead to women being overlooked for leadership roles due to biased perceptions of their competence, assertiveness, and commitment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the workplace, 'tokenism' refers to:

<p>The practice of hiring or promoting a small number of individuals from underrepresented groups to give the appearance of diversity without addressing systemic issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sex Discrimination

Prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. Manifests through patronizing behavior and tokenism.

Sexual Harassment

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.

Glass Ceiling vs. Labyrinth

The unseen, yet unbreakable barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. Contrasted with the labyrinth, a more complex journey with twists, turns and challenges.

Pay Gap

The difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage. Women typically earn less than men.

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Motherhood Penalty

Disadvantages working mothers face in terms of pay, perceived competence, and career opportunities, compared to childless women and men.

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Occupational Segregation

Concentration of women and men in different occupations. This perpetuates gender stereotypes and contributes to the gender pay gap.

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Comparable Worth

The principle that jobs of equal social value and requiring similar skill levels should be paid equally, regardless of whether they are traditionally male or female jobs.

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Role Congruity Theory

Prejudice against female leaders due to incongruity between the perception of women and the perception of leadership.

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The Second Shift

Women shoulder the majority of domestic labor and childcare after their paid work shift ends. This can negatively impact a woman's well-being.

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Role Strain

The stress arising from incompatible demands of different roles performed simultaneously.

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Study Notes

  • This chapter examines the unique challenges women encounter in the workplace.
  • These challenges include balancing work and family, occupational segregation, and sex discrimination.

Women and Work

  • A large percentage of women are employed outside the home.
  • Common stereotypes about women and work exist.

Sex Discrimination

  • Sex discrimination is defined as discrimination based on gender.
  • Patronizing behavior is a form of sex discrimination in the workplace.
  • Tokenism is another form of sex discrimination in the workplace.

Sexual Harassment

  • Sexual harassment is unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.

The Invisible War

  • The Invisible War is a video on the controversial topic of abuse in the military.

Glass Ceiling vs. Labyrinth

  • The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that prevents women from rising beyond a certain level in corporations.
  • The term labyrinth more aptly describes the current state of affairs.
  • The labyrinth acknowledges that women can reach high level positions, but it's a winding and difficult path.

Modern Sexism

  • Classified "want" ads can display modern sexism.

Discrimination

  • Discrimination can appear in work product.

Pay Gap

  • A pay gap exists between men and women.
  • Potential reasons exist for this inequity.

Motherhood Penalty

  • The motherhood penalty refers to the disadvantages working mothers face in terms of pay, perceived competence, and career opportunities.
  • Factors that increase and decrease the penalty have been identified.

Occupational Segregation

  • Occupational segregation is the distribution of people based upon demographic characteristics.
  • Examples of occupational segregation exist.
  • Occupational segregation perpetuates gender stereotypes and inequality.

Educational Equality

  • Progress has been made toward educational equality in areas like dentistry, medicine, and law.
  • This progress is not directly related to equal numbers of males and females in the workforce.

Comparable Worth

  • Comparable worth is the concept that jobs of equal value should be paid the same.
  • Comparable worth is often very difficult to implement.

Leadership Styles

  • Various leadership styles were discussed.
  • Sex differences exist in leadership styles.

Stereotypes

  • Stereotypes of women and leadership issues exist.
  • Women face challenges as a result of these stereotypes.

Role Congruity Theory

  • Eagly's role congruity theory explains prejudice against women in the workplace.

Meta-Analysis

  • Eagly's meta-analysis on abilities, traits, and skills suggests minimal sex differences in the ability to lead.

Parental Leave Policies

  • U.S. parental leave policies are discussed.
  • These policies are contrasted with those of Sweden.

Second Shift

  • The second shift refers to the unpaid labor women often perform at home after their paid work.
  • The second shift might have effects on women’s psychological and physical health.

Role Strain

  • Role strain is the stress or difficulty experienced when meeting the demands of a particular role.
  • Role overload is having more work than one can reasonably handle.
  • Inter-role conflict is the conflict between the demands of different roles.
  • These concepts pertain to being a wife and working mother.

Multiple Roles

  • The scarcity hypothesis states that resources are finite.
  • The expansionist hypothesis states that multiple roles provide multiple benefits.

Spillover and Compensation Effects

  • Spillover occurs when how you do in one role affects how you do in another.
  • Compensation occurs when satisfaction in one roles makes up for a lack of satisfaction in another role.

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