Podcast
Questions and Answers
In WLAN operation, the ______ mode is used to connect clients in a peer-to-peer manner without an AP.
In WLAN operation, the ______ mode is used to connect clients in a peer-to-peer manner without an AP.
ad hoc
Infrastructure mode is used to connect clients to the network using an ______.
Infrastructure mode is used to connect clients to the network using an ______.
AP
Tethering is a variation of the ad hoc topology where a smart phone or tablet creates a personal ______.
Tethering is a variation of the ad hoc topology where a smart phone or tablet creates a personal ______.
hotspot
A Basic Service Set (BSS) uses a single AP to interconnect all associated ______.
A Basic Service Set (BSS) uses a single AP to interconnect all associated ______.
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Clients in different BSSs cannot ______.
Clients in different BSSs cannot ______.
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An Extended Service Set (ESS) is a union of two or more BSSs interconnected by a wired ______.
An Extended Service Set (ESS) is a union of two or more BSSs interconnected by a wired ______.
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Clients in each BSS can communicate through the ______.
Clients in each BSS can communicate through the ______.
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Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance, abbreviated as ______, is a protocol used in wireless communications.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance, abbreviated as ______, is a protocol used in wireless communications.
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To achieve successful association, a wireless client and an AP must agree on specific parameters such as SSID, password, network mode, and security ______.
To achieve successful association, a wireless client and an AP must agree on specific parameters such as SSID, password, network mode, and security ______.
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Wireless clients connect to the AP using a passive or active scanning (probing) ______.
Wireless clients connect to the AP using a passive or active scanning (probing) ______.
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In passive mode, the AP openly advertises its service by periodically sending broadcast beacon frames containing the ______, supported standards, and security settings.
In passive mode, the AP openly advertises its service by periodically sending broadcast beacon frames containing the ______, supported standards, and security settings.
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Active mode requires wireless clients to know the name of the ______.
Active mode requires wireless clients to know the name of the ______.
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The wireless client initiates the active scanning process by broadcasting a probe ______ frame on multiple channels.
The wireless client initiates the active scanning process by broadcasting a probe ______ frame on multiple channels.
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Passive mode allows the AP to provide essential information such as the ______ settings to clients.
Passive mode allows the AP to provide essential information such as the ______ settings to clients.
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One key difference between passive and active mode is that passive mode does not require clients to actively ______ for the AP.
One key difference between passive and active mode is that passive mode does not require clients to actively ______ for the AP.
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In passive mode, the AP sends out beacon frames containing the SSID, supported ______, and security settings.
In passive mode, the AP sends out beacon frames containing the SSID, supported ______, and security settings.
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Wireless clients must receive the ______ settings from the AP in order to successfully connect.
Wireless clients must receive the ______ settings from the AP in order to successfully connect.
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Successful association between wireless clients and APs depends on various parameters including channel ______ and band frequency.
Successful association between wireless clients and APs depends on various parameters including channel ______ and band frequency.
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The CAPWAP split MAC concept distributes functions between two components: the AP and the ______.
The CAPWAP split MAC concept distributes functions between two components: the AP and the ______.
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AP MAC functions include beacons and ______ responses.
AP MAC functions include beacons and ______ responses.
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One of the WLC MAC functions is the authentication of ______.
One of the WLC MAC functions is the authentication of ______.
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DTLS provides security between the ______ and the WLC.
DTLS provides security between the ______ and the WLC.
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Data encryption is ______ by default and requires a license on the WLC.
Data encryption is ______ by default and requires a license on the WLC.
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The CAPWAP control channel is secured by enabling ______.
The CAPWAP control channel is secured by enabling ______.
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Packet acknowledgements and retransmissions are functions performed by the ______.
Packet acknowledgements and retransmissions are functions performed by the ______.
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Frame translation to other protocols is a function of the ______.
Frame translation to other protocols is a function of the ______.
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MAC layer data encryption and decryption is an ______ function.
MAC layer data encryption and decryption is an ______ function.
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Termination of 802.11 traffic on a wired interface occurs at the ______.
Termination of 802.11 traffic on a wired interface occurs at the ______.
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WPA3 – Personal thwarts brute force attacks by using Simultaneous Authentication of ______.
WPA3 – Personal thwarts brute force attacks by using Simultaneous Authentication of ______.
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WPA3 – Enterprise requires the use of a ______-bit cryptographic suite.
WPA3 – Enterprise requires the use of a ______-bit cryptographic suite.
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Open Networks use Opportunistic Wireless ______ to encrypt all wireless traffic.
Open Networks use Opportunistic Wireless ______ to encrypt all wireless traffic.
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IoT Onboarding utilizes Device Provisioning ______ to quickly onboard IoT devices.
IoT Onboarding utilizes Device Provisioning ______ to quickly onboard IoT devices.
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Wireless LANs operate in the ______ GHz frequency band and the 5 GHz band.
Wireless LANs operate in the ______ GHz frequency band and the 5 GHz band.
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In FlexConnect, if the WLC is unreachable, the FlexConnect AP switches to ______ mode.
In FlexConnect, if the WLC is unreachable, the FlexConnect AP switches to ______ mode.
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The WLC performs all CAPWAP functions in ______ mode.
The WLC performs all CAPWAP functions in ______ mode.
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Channel saturation can be mitigated using techniques that use the channels more ______.
Channel saturation can be mitigated using techniques that use the channels more ______.
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Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is used by ______ devices to avoid interference.
Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is used by ______ devices to avoid interference.
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Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) requires sender and receiver to be ______ to know which channel to jump to.
Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) requires sender and receiver to be ______ to know which channel to jump to.
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Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) allows a single channel to use multiple ______.
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) allows a single channel to use multiple ______.
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A specific wireless channel may become ______ if the demand for it is too high.
A specific wireless channel may become ______ if the demand for it is too high.
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In FlexConnect, client data traffic can be switched locally in ______ mode.
In FlexConnect, client data traffic can be switched locally in ______ mode.
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The original 802.11 standard uses ______ to transmit radio signals by rapidly switching frequencies.
The original 802.11 standard uses ______ to transmit radio signals by rapidly switching frequencies.
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The process of spreading a signal over a larger frequency band is known as ______.
The process of spreading a signal over a larger frequency band is known as ______.
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Study Notes
WLAN Operation Overview
- Explores modes of WLAN operation: Infrastructure Mode, Ad hoc Mode, Tethering, BSS, ESS, 802.11 Frame Structure, CSMA/CA, Client AP Association, and Delivery Modes.
WLAN Topology Modes
- Ad Hoc Mode: Connects clients in a peer-to-peer manner without an access point (AP).
- Infrastructure Mode: Connects clients to a network using an AP.
- Tethering: A variation of ad hoc that allows devices like smartphones or tablets to create personal hotspots.
BSS and ESS
- Basic Service Set (BSS): A single AP interconnecting all associated wireless clients; clients in different BSS cannot communicate.
- Extended Service Set (ESS): A union of multiple BSSs interconnected by a wired system, enabling communication among clients in different BSSs.
Wireless Client and AP Association
- Successful association requires agreement on:
- SSID: Network name.
- Password: For client authentication.
- Network Mode: Specifies the 802.11 standard.
- Security Mode: Settings such as WEP, WPA, or WPA2.
- Channel Settings: Frequency bands in use.
Passive and Active Discovery Modes
- Passive Mode: AP advertises services via periodic broadcast beacon frames that include SSID and supported standards.
- Active Mode: Wireless clients broadcast probe request frames to search for APs, requiring knowledge of the SSID.
CAPWAP Operation
-
Split MAC Architecture: Functions are divided between AP and WLC, enhancing performance and management.
- AP Functions: Beacons, probe responses, acknowledgements, transmission, and encryption.
- WLC Functions: Authentication, client association, packet translation, and traffic termination.
DTLS Encryption
- DTLS secures the CAPWAP control channel and encrypts traffic between AP and WLC.
- Data encryption is off by default; a DTLS license is required for activation.
FlexConnect APs
- Connected Mode: WLC is reachable; performs all CAPWAP functions.
- Standalone Mode: WLC is unreachable; AP can handle local client data traffic and authentication independently.
Channel Management
-
Frequency Channel Saturation: High demand for a channel can degrade communication quality; it's mitigated using techniques like:
- DSSS: Spreads signals over frequency bands, used by 802.11b.
- FHSS: Rapidly switches carrier signals; requires synchronization.
- OFDM: Uses multiple sub-channels within a frequency to enhance capacity.
WPA3 Security Features
- WPA3 Personal: Prevents brute force attacks using Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE).
- WPA3 Enterprise: Relies on 802.1X/EAP authentication with a 192-bit cryptographic suite.
- Open Networks: No authentication but uses Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) for traffic encryption.
- IoT Onboarding: Employs Device Provisioning Protocol (DPP) for quick integration of IoT devices.
Key Components in WLAN Technology
- WLANs are based on IEEE standards and can be classified into four types: WPAN, WLAN, WMAN, and WWAN.
- Operate primarily in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands.
- Governed by organizations like ITU-R, IEEE, and Wi-Fi Alliance.
- CAPWAP protocol enables centralized management of multiple APs.
- DTLS ensures secure communication between APs and WLC.
- The 802.11b/g/n standards function within the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz spectrum.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of WLAN operation, focusing on infrastructure mode as discussed in the accompanying video. It's designed to test your understanding of the fundamental aspects of wireless local area networks and the specific terms used in the field.
