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What was the primary purpose of the gold-covered sun temple in Cuzco?
What was the primary purpose of the gold-covered sun temple in Cuzco?
What aspect of Mughal Architecture is exemplified by the Taj Mahal?
What aspect of Mughal Architecture is exemplified by the Taj Mahal?
How did Louis XIV use the Palace of Versailles to demonstrate military power?
How did Louis XIV use the Palace of Versailles to demonstrate military power?
What does the term 'divine right' refer to in the context of European monarchs?
What does the term 'divine right' refer to in the context of European monarchs?
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What significant action did the Spanish take regarding the sun temple in Cuzco?
What significant action did the Spanish take regarding the sun temple in Cuzco?
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What architectural features are commonly associated with Mughal buildings like the Taj Mahal?
What architectural features are commonly associated with Mughal buildings like the Taj Mahal?
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What was one way Louis XIV kept his nobles in line while at Versailles?
What was one way Louis XIV kept his nobles in line while at Versailles?
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In what historical context does the concept of divine right primarily exist?
In what historical context does the concept of divine right primarily exist?
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What approach did the Songhai rulers take to promote Islam compared to their predecessors?
What approach did the Songhai rulers take to promote Islam compared to their predecessors?
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Which title did many rulers of the Songhai Empire adopt to encourage acceptance of Islam?
Which title did many rulers of the Songhai Empire adopt to encourage acceptance of Islam?
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What was one main function of the Aztec priest class in relation to the rulers?
What was one main function of the Aztec priest class in relation to the rulers?
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What was the primary purpose of tribute lists in the Aztec Empire?
What was the primary purpose of tribute lists in the Aztec Empire?
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In the context of tax collection, what role did zamindars play in the Mughal Empire?
In the context of tax collection, what role did zamindars play in the Mughal Empire?
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What was a common tax collection practice employed in the Ottoman Empire?
What was a common tax collection practice employed in the Ottoman Empire?
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What contributed to the unpopularity of the Aztec Empire among other Central Mexican peoples?
What contributed to the unpopularity of the Aztec Empire among other Central Mexican peoples?
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What was the main reason behind the incorporation of Hindu princes as zamindars in the Mughal Empire?
What was the main reason behind the incorporation of Hindu princes as zamindars in the Mughal Empire?
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What was a consequence of the tax farming practice in the empire?
What was a consequence of the tax farming practice in the empire?
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What change did the Ming Empire make regarding tax collection?
What change did the Ming Empire make regarding tax collection?
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Which religious movement opposed the Catholic Church in Europe?
Which religious movement opposed the Catholic Church in Europe?
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How did Protestant monarchs utilize the new churches?
How did Protestant monarchs utilize the new churches?
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What characterized the relationship between Islam and Hinduism in the Mughal Empire?
What characterized the relationship between Islam and Hinduism in the Mughal Empire?
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What issue did the influx of silver in the Ming Empire eventually cause?
What issue did the influx of silver in the Ming Empire eventually cause?
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Which ruler supported the Protestant movement in France?
Which ruler supported the Protestant movement in France?
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What was one problem with the method of collecting taxes in kind?
What was one problem with the method of collecting taxes in kind?
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What unique characteristic allowed many land-based empires to successfully expand during their formation?
What unique characteristic allowed many land-based empires to successfully expand during their formation?
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Which empire was known for abolishing the jizya tax on non-Muslims in its early days?
Which empire was known for abolishing the jizya tax on non-Muslims in its early days?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the successful use of gunpowder weapons by these empires?
Which of the following was a consequence of the successful use of gunpowder weapons by these empires?
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What was a common feature among the land-based empires regarding their relationship with merchants?
What was a common feature among the land-based empires regarding their relationship with merchants?
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What primarily differentiates land-based empires from maritime empires?
What primarily differentiates land-based empires from maritime empires?
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Which empire utilized the Devshirme System to maintain its military elite?
Which empire utilized the Devshirme System to maintain its military elite?
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Which empire was NOT mentioned as having utilized gunpowder weapons extensively during its expansion?
Which empire was NOT mentioned as having utilized gunpowder weapons extensively during its expansion?
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What is a common feature of social hierarchies in empires mentioned?
What is a common feature of social hierarchies in empires mentioned?
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What contributed to the decline of some previously established empires that were later conquered by rising empires?
What contributed to the decline of some previously established empires that were later conquered by rising empires?
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Which of the following was a significant factor that empowered empires like the Ottomans and Mughals during their rise?
Which of the following was a significant factor that empowered empires like the Ottomans and Mughals during their rise?
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What system was implemented in the Ottoman Empire to allow religious groups autonomy?
What system was implemented in the Ottoman Empire to allow religious groups autonomy?
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Which concept was used as a justification for rule in the French Empire?
Which concept was used as a justification for rule in the French Empire?
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How did early gunpowder weaponry affect military training and employability within an empire?
How did early gunpowder weaponry affect military training and employability within an empire?
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Which of the following empires was known for having a restrictive policy towards the Han Chinese?
Which of the following empires was known for having a restrictive policy towards the Han Chinese?
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Which empire's social hierarchy was known as the Casta System?
Which empire's social hierarchy was known as the Casta System?
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What system did samurai warriors belong to in Japan during the Tokugawa period?
What system did samurai warriors belong to in Japan during the Tokugawa period?
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What is a key characteristic of Sikhism in relation to other religions?
What is a key characteristic of Sikhism in relation to other religions?
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What intensified the division between Sunni and Shia Muslims during the time of the Ottomans and Safavids?
What intensified the division between Sunni and Shia Muslims during the time of the Ottomans and Safavids?
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Which of the following statements about the Aztec and Inca religious practices is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the Aztec and Inca religious practices is accurate?
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What defines the term 'syncretic' as used in relation to Sikhism?
What defines the term 'syncretic' as used in relation to Sikhism?
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How did the Aztec religious practices influence their culture?
How did the Aztec religious practices influence their culture?
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What role did political competition play between the Ottomans and Safavids?
What role did political competition play between the Ottomans and Safavids?
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Which belief system is NOT associated with Sikhism?
Which belief system is NOT associated with Sikhism?
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What aspect of Inca religious practice was influenced by earlier civilizations such as the Moche?
What aspect of Inca religious practice was influenced by earlier civilizations such as the Moche?
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Study Notes
Formation of Land-Based Empires
- Empires formed through conquest of strategically and economically important areas.
- Several unique ways these empires were forged.
Guns
- Many empires, known as Gunpowder Empires in AP World history textbooks, utilized gunpowder armies significantly earlier than Europe.
- Early gunpowder weaponry required large, skilled populations and substantial resources for casting metal parts and manufacturing gunpowder.
- Training soldiers in gunpowder use was time-consuming and expensive, a resource primarily held by large empires.
- Even smaller states, like the Tokugawa Shogunate, used gunpowder weapons effectively.
- The Song Dynasty in China first used gunpowder weapons, but the Islamic Empires (Ottomans, Mughals, and Safavids) and the Qing Dynasty utilized them more extensively, contributing to their conquests.
- Capture of Constantinople by Ottomans and the conquest of Central Asia by the Qing were both aided by gunpowder weapons.
- Industrial manufacturing in Europe gave them a significant advantage after 1800.
Trade and Tax Diplomacy
- Friendly attitude towards merchants and reduction of taxes was a key factor in the rise of some empires, particularly the Ottomans and Mughals.
- The Mughals, especially early in their empire, abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims.
- The Ottomans also had comparatively lower taxes than some empires they conquered (e.g., Byzantium).
Conquering Other Empires
- Many empires in this study guide toppled existing empires weakened by time.
- Examples include the Byzantine Empire conquered by the Ottomans, or the Mali Empire subjugated by Songhai.
- Sometimes empires were established by nomadic conquerors, like the Timurids in Persia (conquered by the Safavids) or the Yuan Dynasty in China (overthrown by the Ming Dynasty).
Governments of Land-Based Empires
- Empires were complex, multi-dimensional political organizations.
- Bureaucratic or military elites often ran these empires, sometimes even including bureaucratic tasks.
- The Ottoman Empire's devşirme system, for example, recruited non-Muslim children into the military and government.
- The Janissaries were military units in the Ottoman Empire known for their use of the latest weaponry.
- The Tokugawa Shogunate, a military government in Japan, adapted the role of the samurai warriors into administrative positions to maintain order following unification.
- The samurai lost their warrior roles as wars ended but assumed new bureaucratic roles.
Great Works of Art, Monuments, and Pretty Buildings
- Rulers often built monuments to reinforce their connection with religions, display military power, promote trade, or simply as personal displays of power.
- Inca rulers built religious structures like gold-covered temples in Cuzco as a form of reinforcing their rule.
- Following conquest, Spanish colonists replaced Inca religious monuments with churches.
Military Strength
- Palaces like Versailles in France were used to exemplify military strength and to display the power of the French monarchy.
- Demonstrations of military power were shown in front of nobles, foreign emissaries, and delegates.
Belief Systems of Land-Based Empires
- Religious movements played a significant role in some empires.
- The Protestant Reformation in Europe saw conflicts between Catholic and Protestant rulers.
- The Reformation often involved taking properties and assets of the Catholic Church.
Comparison in Land-Based Empires
- Two primary types of land-based empires existed:
- Land-based empires focused on land, agriculture, and trade routes to maintain wealth and prestige.
- Maritime empires focused on overseas trade routes, colonies, and trade networks for wealth and power development.
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