Wirtschaftstheorien: Merkantilismus bis Moderne

Merkantilismus, Physiokraten, Klassik & Moderne

• Merkantilismus: Focuses on national wealth accumulation through trade surpluses. Advocates government intervention in the economy.
• Physiokraten: Believed that land is the primary source of wealth, and advocated minimal government intervention ("laissez-faire").
• Klassik: Key figures like Smith, Ricardo, and Malthus emphasized the importance of labor, land, and capital as production factors. Developed theories on value creation and distribution.
• Moderne: Includes diverse schools of thought, including Socialism (Marx's critique of capitalism), Neoklassik (emphasizing utility and marginal analysis), Fiskalismus (focus on government spending and taxation), and Monetarismus (importance of money supply).

Bedürfnisse & Bedarf

• Bedürfnis: A feeling of lack or a desire for something, often stemming from a physiological or psychological need.
• Bedarf: The concrete goods or services needed to satisfy a need and are backed by purchasing power.
• Nachfrage: The expressed desire for a good or service coupled with the ability to pay for it.

Ökonomie & Knappheit

• Ökonomie: The study of how societies allocate scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants and needs. Often referred to as "Oikonomia", meaning "household management".
• Knappheit: A fundamental economic concept expressing the limited availability of resources to meet unlimited wants. This forces choices.

Volkswirtschaftliche Produktionsfaktoren

• Boden: Natural resources used in production (land, minerals, water); classified into arable, location, extraction, and waste disposal sites (land).
• Arbeit: Human effort, physical or intellectual, contributing to production. Categorized as manual, intellectual, management, and executive labor.
• Kapital: Tools, machinery, and financial resources used in the production process. Further divided into tangible (physical capital) and intangible (financial capital) forms.

Volkswirtschaftlicher Produktionsprozess

• Input: Factors of production (resources) used in the process.
• Produktionsprozess: The transformation of inputs into outputs.
• Output: Goods and services produced as the result of the process.

Wirtschaftssubjekte & -sektoren

• Private Haushalte: Individuals and families consuming goods and services.
• Unternehmen: Organizations producing goods and services for sale.
• Staat: Government entities responsible for public policy.
• Ausland: Economic actors outside the domestic borders.

Ökonomische Prinzipien

• Maximalprinzip: Achieving the highest possible output with a given input.
• Minimalprinzip: Using the smallest possible input to achieve a desired output.

Überblick über wichtige Wirtschaftslehren. Vom Merkantilismus, der auf Staatseingriffe setzt, bis zu modernen Ansätzen wie Fiskalismus und Monetarismus. Betrachtung von Klassikern wie Smith und Marx.