Module 6 Review Exam
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Which of the following is the MOST effective solution to address excessive overlap between Access Points (APs) in a wireless network?

  • Configuring all APs to operate on the same channel to reduce channel interference.
  • Deploying additional APs in areas with existing coverage to increase network capacity.
  • Increasing the transmission power of all APs to ensure maximum coverage.
  • Adjusting AP transmission power to limit excessive overlap and configuring APs to use non-overlapping channels. (correct)

    • A user reports intermittent connectivity issues while moving around the office. A network administrator suspects insufficient coverage. What should the administrator do FIRST?

  • Increase the transmission power of all existing APs to maximum.
  • Replace all existing APs with newer models supporting the latest Wi-Fi standards.
  • Conduct a wireless site survey to identify coverage gaps and dead zones. (correct)
  • Standardize all client devices to a single, modern Wi-Fi standard.

    • An organization uses APs from multiple vendors. What is the MOST effective strategy to minimize potential incompatibility issues and ensure seamless roaming?

  • Disabling roaming functionality to prevent handoffs between APs.
  • Standardizing APs across the network to avoid compatibility issues. (correct)
  • Manually configuring each AP to use different security protocols.
  • Increasing the transmission power of all APs to create larger coverage cells.

    • A network administrator notices that older laptops in the network frequently experience dropped connections, while newer devices maintain stable connections. Which solution would MOST likely improve connectivity for the older devices?

    <p>Replacing the older devices with newer models that support modern Wi-Fi standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network administrator uses the command ping 192.168.1.1. What is the MOST likely objective of this action?

    <p>To test connectivity and measure latency to a device with the IP address 192.168.1.1. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network administrator observes consistently high congestion and bandwidth usage nearing capacity. What is the MOST effective initial step to address this issue?

    <p>Upgrade the network link or add additional connections to increase bandwidth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network switch is experiencing performance issues. Which hardware aspect should be checked to ensure it can handle the traffic from all connected devices?

    <p>The backplane capacity of the switch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After upgrading network hardware, a technician notices that retransmissions and error rates are still high. What is the FIRST step the technician should take?

    <p>Inspect cables, connectors, and ports for physical damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Throughput capacity is significantly lower than the expected bandwidth. To assess protocol efficiency, which tool should be used to identify excessive protocol overhead?

    <p>Wireshark (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network administrator suspects a device limitation is causing performance issues. Which action would BEST help identify if a router's CPU is limiting performance?

    <p>Monitor the router's CPU usage during high-load scenarios. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason troubleshooting throughput and throughput capacity becomes less meaningful when bandwidth is insufficient?

    <p>Bandwidth limitations set a hard limit on both throughput and throughput capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a network link operates near its maximum bandwidth capacity, which tool is MOST suitable for monitoring bandwidth utilization to confirm this?

    <p>NetFlow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network administrator wants to optimize network performance by adjusting TCP/IP settings for large data transfers. Which setting should be adjusted?

    <p>Adjust TCP window size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions would BEST address jitter caused by network congestion?

    <p>Segmenting the network using VLANs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network administrator observes high CPU usage on a core router, coinciding with increased jitter. Which action is MOST likely to reduce jitter in this scenario?

    <p>Replacing the router with a model having higher processing power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PRIMARY purpose of configuring Quality of Service (QoS) to minimize jitter?

    <p>To prioritize delay-sensitive traffic over less critical traffic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network engineer suspects faulty hardware is causing increased jitter. Which initial step is MOST appropriate for diagnosing the issue?

    <p>Checking device logs and running hardware diagnostics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is BEST suited for identifying high-bandwidth applications contributing to network congestion?

    <p>NetFlow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oversubscription on a network is MOST likely to cause which of the following issues?

    <p>Resource contention and increased jitter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network administrator notices that non-critical traffic is impacting the performance of real-time applications. What configuration change would BEST address this?

    <p>Implementing traffic prioritization using Quality of Service (QoS). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOST effective solution to address high bandwidth utilization caused by multiple devices simultaneously streaming high-definition video?

    <p>Upgrading to higher-speed network connections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a densely populated area experiencing wireless network congestion, what is the most effective solution to improve network performance?

    <p>Use QoS to prioritize critical traffic and limit non-essential bandwidth usage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To mitigate signal reflection and multipath effects in a wireless network, which strategy is least effective?

    <p>Positioning APs without considering reflective surfaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is least likely to resolve wireless connectivity issues caused by antenna problems?

    <p>Reducing the power output of antennas to minimize interference. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An organization is experiencing poor wireless performance due to older devices on the network. What is the most effective solution to enhance the wireless experience for all users?

    <p>Replacing older devices with models supporting modern Wi-Fi standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When troubleshooting insufficient wireless coverage, which tool is most effective for identifying dead zones?

    <p>A wireless site survey tool. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the traceroute command, what is the purpose of the -m option?

    <p>To limit the maximum number of hops. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bandwidth steering's primary role in a wireless network environment?

    <p>It directs dual-band devices to the less-congested 5 GHz or 6 GHz bands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When addressing issues with signal reflection and multipath interference, how does upgrading to Wi-Fi 6 improve wireless performance?

    <p>Wi-Fi 6 standards use technologies like OFDMA and MU-MIMO to mitigate the effects of multipath interference. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNS record is identified when using the command nslookup -type=MX example.com?

    <p>Mail exchange record (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between interactive and non-interactive modes in nslookup?

    <p>Interactive mode is used for multiple queries within a single session, whereas non-interactive mode is used for quick, single queries directly from the command line. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Quality of Service (QoS) improve network performance in a congested wireless network?

    <p>By prioritizing critical traffic and limiting non-essential bandwidth usage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you want to query Google's public DNS server (8.8.8.8) for the IP address of example.com using nslookup, what would be the correct syntax?

    <p><code>nslookup example.com 8.8.8.8</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When nslookup returns a 'non-authoritative' answer, what does this typically indicate?

    <p>The DNS server has obtained the information from its cache or another DNS server, not directly from the authoritative name server. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is best suited when needing to analyze DNS records and configurations with detailed output?

    <p>dig (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using dig, what does the absence of the authoritative answer (aa) flag typically indicate?

    <p>The answer came from a non-authoritative source, such as a public DNS resolver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dig commands would query the MX record for example.com using Google's public DNS resolver?

    <p><code>dig @8.8.8.8 example.com MX</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tcpdump command?

    <p>To capture and analyze network traffic at the packet level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command would provide the least detailed DNS information?

    <p>nslookup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An engineer wants to see the output of a dig query without the comments. What dig switch should they use?

    <p>dig +nocomments example.com (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Upgrade Bandwidth

    Increase the data transfer capacity of a network link.

    Check Device Capabilities

    Verify network devices can support required speeds like 1 Gbps.

    Inspect Backplane Capacity

    Ensure devices handle combined data without slowdown.

    Monitor Error Rates

    Use tools to detect specific links with error issues.

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    Optimize Protocol Settings

    Adjust settings like TCP window sizes to improve data transfer reliability.

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    Overhead Analysis

    Use tools to identify excessive protocol overhead during data transfers.

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    Measure Bandwidth Usage

    Use tools to monitor if the link is nearing its capacity limit.

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    Upgrade Transmission Medium

    Replace old links to improve signal quality and reliability.

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    Jitter

    Variability in packet response times in a network.

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    Network Congestion

    A state when network traffic exceeds capacity, causing delays.

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    Solution for Congestion

    Segment the network, create VLANs, or upgrade bandwidth.

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    Device Overload

    Inadequate processing power on devices causing delays.

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    QoS (Quality of Service)

    Configuration that prioritizes network traffic for performance.

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    Faulty Hardware

    Malfunctioning network devices leading to jitter.

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    Oversubscription

    Too many devices on a single network segment causing competition.

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    Efficient Traffic Management

    Using QoS to prioritize critical applications over non-critical ones.

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    Overlapping Coverage Areas

    Excessive overlap between Access Points (APs) leads to interference and inconsistent handoffs.

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    Solutions for Overlap

    Adjust AP power, use non-overlapping channels, and conduct site surveys.

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    Insufficient Coverage

    Gaps in wireless coverage result in clients losing connectivity.

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    Fixing Coverage Gaps

    Deploy more APs, improve placement, and use modern Wi-Fi standards.

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    Ping Command

    A tool to test device connectivity by sending ICMP echo requests.

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    traceroute command

    A command used to trace the pathway packets take to a destination, showing each hop along the way.

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    tracert command

    Windows equivalent of traceroute, used to determine the route packets take to a network destination.

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    nslookup

    A command that queries DNS records to resolve domain names to IP addresses and vice versa.

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    Interactive mode (nslookup)

    A mode in nslookup allowing multiple queries and customization within a single session.

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    Non-interactive mode (nslookup)

    A mode for quick, single DNS queries directly from the command line.

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    Band Steering

    The technique of directing dual-band devices to operate on less congested frequency bands like 5 GHz or 6 GHz.

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    Multipath Interference

    A phenomenon where the receiver gets multiple delayed copies of the same signal due to reflections off surfaces.

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    Beamforming

    A technology that focuses signals directly toward devices to reduce multipath interference.

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    Antenna Alignment

    The correct positioning of antennas to maximize signal coverage and reduce weak signals.

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    Device Capabilities

    The performance level of wireless devices based on their transmitters and receivers, affecting connection strength.

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    Wireless Site Survey

    An assessment using tools to map signal strength and identify areas of insufficient coverage or dead zones.

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    nslookup Command

    A command used to query DNS to obtain domain name or IP address mapping.

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    DNS Query

    A request to obtain information from the Domain Name System.

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    nslookup type option

    Specifies the type of DNS record to look up, such as NS or MX.

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    MX Record

    Mail Exchange record that specifies the mail server responsible for receiving email for a domain.

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    tcpdump Command

    A packet analysis tool for capturing and inspecting network traffic in real-time.

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    Authoritative Answer Flag

    Indicates that a DNS response is from a server entrusted with the DNS record.

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    Packet Sniffer

    A tool that captures and analyzes packets of data traveling across a network.

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    Study Notes

    Bandwidth and Throughput Capacity

    • Bandwidth refers to the maximum theoretical data capacity transmitted over a network connection, typically measured in bits per second (bps)
    • Throughput is the amount of data successfully transmitted across a network in a given period, including all data packets (application-level and overhead)
    • Goodput is a subset of throughput focusing only on successfully delivered application-level data, excluding retransmissions and protocol overhead
    • Data rate refers to the raw data transmission speed, including all bits (application-level and overhead), typically measured in bits per second (bps)

    Example Scenario

    • Imagine transferring a 1 GB file over a network with 1 Gbps bandwidth and a data rate of 900 Mbps
    • The network is capable of 1 Gbps (maximum theoretical capacity)
    • The server transmits data at 900 Mbps, including all bits (overhead and application data)

    Troubleshooting Bandwidth and Throughput Capacity

    • If throughput is significantly lower than throughput capacity, explore these factors:
      • Congestion: Monitor traffic using tools like NetFlow, Wireshark, or SNMP to identify high-bandwidth devices. Implement QoS policies to prioritize critical traffic and reduce congestion. Segment large networks into smaller subnets or VLANs to reduce congestion. Upgrade bandwidth if congestion persists.
      • Hardware Constraints: Verify that network devices (switches, routers, NICs) support the required speeds.
      • Retransmissions: Monitor error rates using monitoring tools to identify specific links with errors. Check physical connections (cables, connectors, ports) for damage or loose connections. Optimize protocol settings (e.g., TCP window sizes, flow control) to improve reliability. Replace unreliable links (e.g., old copper cables) with fiber optics.
      • Protocol efficiency: Analyze protocol overhead and packet sizes. Optimize protocols (e.g., TCP/IP settings like window size or segmentation) for better efficiency.
      • Device Limitations: Check device capabilities to ensure they support adequate bandwidth. Inspect device performance to identify resource constraints (e.g., CPU or memory usage) influencing high-load scenarios.

    Troubleshooting Latency

    • Latency is the delay for data to travel from source to destination; measured in milliseconds (ms)
    • Common Causes and Solutions:
      • Distance: Use content delivery networks (CDNs) or edge servers.
      • Congestion: Prioritize latency-sensitive traffic using QoS.
      • Device Processing: Ensure devices (routers, firewalls, switches) have sufficient processing power for required data rates.
      • Protocol Overhead: Use tools (like Wireshark) to identify protocol overhead and inefficient packet sizes. Optimize protocols for better efficiency.

    Troubleshooting Jitter

    • Jitter is the variation in latency between data packets.
    • Causes and Solutions:
      • Network Congestion: Manage traffic congestion, increase network bandwidth, or use VLANs.
      • Device Overload: Ensure devices (routers, switches, etc.) have sufficient processing power to handle traffic.

    Troubleshooting Congestion and Contention

    • Congestion occurs when network, or system capacity is exceeded.
    • Contention happens when multiple devices compete for the same network resources
    • Causes and Solutions:
      • High Bandwidth: Prioritize critical traffic using QoS policies; schedule bandwidth-intensive tasks (e.g., backups) during off-peak hours to reduce congestion.
      • Upgrade the network connection by increasing its speed (e.g., from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps). Implement link aggregation, to spread traffic, and reduce congestion.

    Troubleshooting Wireless Performance

    • Causes and Solutions
      • Co-Channel Interference: Use non-overlapping channels or ensure all APs use the same SSID and security settings.
      • Adjacent Channel Interference: Use non-overlapping channels or transition devices to 5GHz or 6Ghz bands for less interference.
      • Channel Overlap: Adjust the transmission power of APs to avoid overlap, configure APs to use non-overlapping channels, Conduct a wireless site survey to optimize AP placement, and improve signal coverage.
      • Environmental Interference: Move APs or devices away from sources of interference (e.g., microwaves, Bluetooth devices). Use shielded equipment in high-interference environments. Use 5 GHz or 6 GHz bands (less prone to interference)
      • Insufficient Coverage: Deploy more APs, use mesh network systems to create more coverage, or improve signal range of existing APs
      • Interference from other devices: Position APs or devices away from sources of interference.
      • Client Device Limitations: Replace outdated devices that lack support for modern standards (e.g., Wi-Fi 6 or Wi-Fi 6E), enable smart roaming or band steering on client devices.
      • Overcrowded Frequency Bands: Use less congested frequency bands to prevent interference from overlapping networks.
      • Poor Access Point Placement: Place APs closer to key areas, in open spaces, or on walls/ceilings to improve signal distribution.
      • Hardware or Device Issues: Upgrade network devices or use more capable wireless devices.

    Tools and Protocols

    • Ping: Tests connectivity by sending ICMP echo requests, measures latency, identifies packet loss and DNS resolution
    • Traceroute/Tracert: Maps the path packets take across a network, identifies points of failure or delays
    • Nslookup: Resolves domain names to IP addresses and IP addresses to domain names, queries DNS records, and checks DNS server response times
    • Dig: Performs DNS lookups, providing more detailed output than nslookup.
    • Tcpdump: Captures and analyzes network traffic, identifies traffic patterns and protocol usage
    • Netstat: Displays information about network connections, listening ports, routing tables, and statistics
    • Ip/Ipconfig/Ifconfig: Manage and view network interface configurations, IP addressing, and routing
    • Arp: Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses on a local network
    • Nmap: Used for discovering devices, mapping networks
    • Wireless Tools: Netspot, Ekahau, HeatMapper, and others
    • Cable Tester: Checks the integrity of copper or fiber optic cables
    • Taps: Monitors network traffic without disrupting the network
    • Visual Fault Locators (VFL): Identifies breaks or faults in fiber optic cables.
    • Networking Device Commands (e.g., show mac-address-table, show route, show interface, show config, show arp, show vlan, show power): Monitor device performance and operational status; diagnose and resolve issues, verify configuration

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    Related Documents

    Bandwidth and Throughput Capacity PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on effective management and troubleshooting of wireless networks. This quiz covers strategies for addressing issues like AP overlap, connectivity problems, and device compatibility. Perfect for network administrators looking to improve their skills.

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