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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ground in a two-wire circuit?
What is the primary function of ground in a two-wire circuit?
- To increase data transfer rates
- To reduce noise in transmission
- To transmit signals simultaneously
- To provide a common reference point (correct)
How does data transmission occur in a two-wire circuit?
How does data transmission occur in a two-wire circuit?
- In one direction at a time (correct)
- Simultaneously in both directions
- In a continuous loop
- Only when ground is disrupted
What is the primary advantage of a four-wire circuit compared to a two-wire circuit?
What is the primary advantage of a four-wire circuit compared to a two-wire circuit?
- It allows for wireless communication
- It eliminates the need for ground completely
- It requires less physical space
- It provides higher data transfer rates (correct)
What does TD+ represent in a four-wire circuit?
What does TD+ represent in a four-wire circuit?
Which component is optional in a four-wire circuit?
Which component is optional in a four-wire circuit?
What type of communication is employed by a two-wire circuit?
What type of communication is employed by a two-wire circuit?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of four-wire circuits?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of four-wire circuits?
What best describes the signal management in a four-wire circuit?
What best describes the signal management in a four-wire circuit?
What characterizes circuit-switched systems during a communication session?
What characterizes circuit-switched systems during a communication session?
Which feature enhances the reliability of packet-switched networks?
Which feature enhances the reliability of packet-switched networks?
What is the main characteristic of packet switching?
What is the main characteristic of packet switching?
Which of the following is NOT a technique for digital to analog signal conversion?
Which of the following is NOT a technique for digital to analog signal conversion?
What defines the encoding of digital signals on a transmission link?
What defines the encoding of digital signals on a transmission link?
What type of modulation is used for analog to digital signal conversion?
What type of modulation is used for analog to digital signal conversion?
Which statement is true about traditional telephone networks?
Which statement is true about traditional telephone networks?
Which encoding technique represents digital signals with a continuous voltage level?
Which encoding technique represents digital signals with a continuous voltage level?
Which encoding scheme uses positive voltage for bit 1 and zero voltage for bit 0 without returning to zero?
Which encoding scheme uses positive voltage for bit 1 and zero voltage for bit 0 without returning to zero?
In which scheme does the voltage level directly determine the value of the bit?
In which scheme does the voltage level directly determine the value of the bit?
What occurs in the NRZ-I (NRZ-Invert) scheme when the next bit to transmit is logical 11?
What occurs in the NRZ-I (NRZ-Invert) scheme when the next bit to transmit is logical 11?
Among the encoding types, which utilizes three values: positive, negative, and zero?
Among the encoding types, which utilizes three values: positive, negative, and zero?
In the Manchester encoding scheme, what is the transition pattern for bit 1?
In the Manchester encoding scheme, what is the transition pattern for bit 1?
What characterizes a Unipolar scheme in line encoding?
What characterizes a Unipolar scheme in line encoding?
Which type of encoding defines bit 0 with half of the signal represented by -V and half by zero?
Which type of encoding defines bit 0 with half of the signal represented by -V and half by zero?
Which encoding scheme has a transition from +V to -V in the middle of the bit for bit 0?
Which encoding scheme has a transition from +V to -V in the middle of the bit for bit 0?
What defines a transition in Differential Manchester encoding?
What defines a transition in Differential Manchester encoding?
In Bipolar encoding, what does a binary 0 represent?
In Bipolar encoding, what does a binary 0 represent?
What is a characteristic of asynchronous transmission?
What is a characteristic of asynchronous transmission?
Which of the following is true about synchronous transmission?
Which of the following is true about synchronous transmission?
What does Pseudoternary encoding represent for binary 1?
What does Pseudoternary encoding represent for binary 1?
Which statement accurately describes the efficiency of synchronous transmission?
Which statement accurately describes the efficiency of synchronous transmission?
In Bipolar schemes, how are binary 1s represented in AMI?
In Bipolar schemes, how are binary 1s represented in AMI?
What is a disadvantage of asynchronous transmission compared to synchronous transmission?
What is a disadvantage of asynchronous transmission compared to synchronous transmission?
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Study Notes
Wire Circuits
- Two-wire circuits use a single pair of wires for data transmission, with one wire for the signal and one for ground.
- Half-duplex communication occurs when data is transmitted in one direction at a time using the same pair of wires, but not simultaneously.
- Four-wire circuits utilize two pairs of wires--one dedicated for transmitting and the other for receiving signals.
- Ground is often included in four-wire circuits to provide a common reference, but it's not always explicitly required.
- Differential pairs handle signal integrity and noise rejection, reducing interference and enabling higher data transfer rates compared to two-wire circuits.
- Dedicated communication paths established between devices are a key feature of circuit switching.
- Consistent bandwidth and latency are provided in circuit switching during data transmission.
- Packet switching divides data into small packets that are sent independently through the network and then reassembled at the destination.
- Packet switching offers greater reliability by allowing packets to be rerouted along alternate paths if one fails.
- Modern data networks, including the internet, rely predominantly on packet switching.
Digital Encoding Techniques
- Amplitude Modulation (AM): Used for analog-to-analog conversion of signals.
- Frequency Modulation (FM): Used for analog-to-analog conversion of signals.
- Phase Modulation (PM): Used for analog-to-analog conversion of signals.
- Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Used for analog-to-digital conversion of signals.
- Delta Modulation (DM): Used for analog-to-digital conversion of signals.
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): Used for digital-to-analog conversion of signals.
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Used for digital-to-analog conversion of signals.
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK): Used for digital-to-analog conversion of signals.
- Non-Return to Zero (NRZ): A digital-to-digital encoding method where a positive voltage represents a bit 1, and zero voltage represents a bit 0.
- Return to Zero (RZ): A digital-to-digital encoding method utilizing positive, negative, and zero voltage levels. For bit 1, half the signal is represented by +V and the other half by zero. For bit 0, half the signal is represented by -V and the other by zero.
- Manchester encoding: A digital-to-digital method that utilizes a voltage transition in the middle of each bit period to define a bit 1 or 0.
- Differential Manchester encoding: A digital-to-digital encoding technique with a transition in the middle of each bit, but the bit value is determined by the presence or absence of a transition at the beginning of the bit period.
- Alternative Mark Inversion (AMI): A bipolar scheme that uses zero voltage to represent binary 0 and alternating positive and negative voltages to represent binary 1s.
- Pseudoternary: A bipolar encoding method where bit 1 is represented by a zero voltage and bit 0 is represented by alternating positive and negative voltages.
Synchronization Methods
- Synchronous Transmission: Data is sent in blocks or frames with a constant time interval, resulting in faster and more efficient transmission.
- Asynchronous Transmission: Data is sent in individual bytes or characters with a random time interval, making it slower and less efficient.
- Start and Stop Bits: Used in asynchronous transmission to define the beginning and end of each character, adding overhead to the transmission.
- Parity Bits: Utilized in asynchronous transmission to provide error detection, but not for synchronizing new bytes of data.
- Clock Synchronization: Synchronous transmission requires precisely synchronized clocks for the accurate identification of new byte information, while asynchronous transmission does not.
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