Windows & Linux Security

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What is the purpose of the /etc directory in the Linux file system hierarchy?

Home directory for regular users

System-specific configuration files (correct)

Special device files for hardware access

Files to start the boot process

Which directory is intended for the administrative superuser's home in Linux?

/home

/dev

/root (correct)

/boot

Which directory contains files necessary to start the boot process in Linux?

/home

/etc

/boot (correct)

/run

What type of files are located in the /dev directory?

Special device files for accessing hardware Signup and view all the answers

The /run directory in Linux has what specific function?

Contains runtime data for processes started since the last boot Signup and view all the answers

Which directory is primarily meant for storing user files and configurations in Linux?

/home Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the contents of the /run directory in Linux?

It consolidates files from /var/run and /var/lock Signup and view all the answers

Which directory would you find files specific to system configuration in a Linux environment?

/etc Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode in which Vim starts when first opened?

Command mode Signup and view all the answers

Which keystroke must be pressed to enter insert mode in Vim?

i Signup and view all the answers

What action does pressing the Esc key perform in Vim?

Returns to command mode Signup and view all the answers

In visual mode, which keystroke is used for block selection?

Ctrl+V Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does the ':' keystroke serve in Vim?

Begin extended command mode Signup and view all the answers

Which mode allows selection of multiple characters for text manipulation?

Visual mode Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the initial operation mode of Vim?

It starts in edit mode. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Vim's operation modes is true?

Vim has multiple modes with different functions. Signup and view all the answers

What command is used to create a tar file?

$ tar –cvf alltest.tar test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test4.txt Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to decompress a bzip2 file?

$ bzip2 –d alltest.tar.bz2 Signup and view all the answers

What file extensions are created for music files according to the instructions?

.mp3 Signup and view all the answers

Which command is NOT used for decompressing files?

$ tar –cvf alltest.tar test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test4.txt Signup and view all the answers

For which directory are the .jpg files moved?

Pictures Signup and view all the answers

How many files are created for each type: music, snapshot, and movie?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct command to unzip a gzip file?

$ gzip -d alltest.tar.gz Signup and view all the answers

What subdirectory names should be created for organizing files?

friends, family, work Signup and view all the answers

What command is used to search for man pages by a keyword related to ext4 file-system parameters?

man -k ext4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a listed objective when creating, viewing, and editing text files in Linux?

Create a graphical interface for text files Signup and view all the answers

What is one major advantage of using text-based configuration files in Linux?

They can be edited with any text editor. Signup and view all the answers

Which text editor is specifically mentioned for creating and editing files from the command line?

vim Signup and view all the answers

What does the mkdir command do?

It creates one or more directories or subdirectories. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the fundamental design principle of Linux related to file storage?

Information is stored in various text-based formats. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you use the mkdir command on an existing directory?

It fails and displays an error message. Signup and view all the answers

What is a shell variable in the context of Linux?

A variable that can store commands and influence shell behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formats is NOT mentioned as a structure for text-based files in Linux?

JSON Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the -p option in the mkdir command?

It creates any missing parent directories for the requested destination. Signup and view all the answers

How is the mv command used in file management?

To move files from one location to another or rename them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of processing command output through multiple command-line programs?

To create a more robust data pipeline. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the consequence of executing mv on a file?

It moves the file, keeping the original intact. Signup and view all the answers

When attempting to create a directory structure using mkdir, which condition would prevent success?

The command is missing a parent directory. Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT a function of the mkdir command?

Renaming directories as they are created. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the mv command?

To move or rename files without altering their contents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a hard link?

It links to the same data as the original file. Signup and view all the answers

Which command is used to create a hard link in a Unix-like operating system?

ln Signup and view all the answers

What information does the 'ls -l' command provide regarding hard links?

It reports the number of hard links a file has. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you create a hard link to a file?

The two names refer to the same inode in the file system. Signup and view all the answers

After creating a hard link, how can you differentiate between the hard link and the original file?

You cannot differentiate them based on data access. Signup and view all the answers

If the original file is deleted, what happens to the hard link?

The hard link remains functional. Signup and view all the answers

When viewing a file's link count, what does a value of '1' indicate?

The file has only one reference. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have multiple hard links for the same file?

To provide different names for the same content. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture covering Windows and Linux security, file management tools, and working with text files.
Course is a Diploma in CSF, Year 1, Semester 2.

Linux File System Hierarchy Concepts

Goal: To copy, move, create, delete, and organize files using the Bash shell. Also to archive, compress, unpack, uncompress files using tar, gzip, and bzip2.
Objectives: To describe how Linux organizes files and explain the purpose of various directories within the file system hierarchy.

Significant Red Hat Enterprise Linux Directories

/boot: Contains files required for the boot process.
/dev: Holds special device files for system access to hardware.
/etc: Contains system-specific configuration files.
/home: Regular users store their data and configuration files here.
/root: The home directory for the administrative superuser, root.
/run: Stores runtime data for processes started since the last boot. Contents are re-created upon reboot. Combines /var/run and /var/lock from earlier versions of Red Hat.
/tmp: A temporary file area. Files not accessed, changed, or modified for 10 days are automatically deleted; the /var/tmp directory handles similar files, but with a retention period of 30 days.
/usr: Contains installed software, system libraries, and read-only program data. Contains, for example, /usr/bin for user commands, and /usr/sbin for system administration commands.
/usr/local: Holds custom software locally-configured.
/var: Stores system-specific variable data, such as databases, cache directories, files, printer spools, and website data.

Absolute Paths and Relative Paths

A file or directory's path indicates its location within the file system, uniquely identifying it.
A path follows subdirectories, demarcated by forward slashes, until the destination is reached. Directories (folders) may contain files and further subdirectories.
Absolute paths start at the root ("/") and trace every necessary subdirectory.
Relative paths are determined relative to the current working directory.

Navigating File Systems

pwd: Displays the full path of the current working directory.
ls: Lists contents of directories (can be used with options like -l for detailed information, a directory to list, or without an argument for the current directory).

Moving, Copying, and Removing Files & Directories

mv: Moves or renames files (the thesis_chapter2.txt is renamed to thesis_chapter2_reviewed.txt in the same directory in the notes).
rm: Removes files or empty directories (the -r or --recursive options are needed for removing directories).
touch: Creates an empty file (or updates access/modification times of existing files)

Creating Directories

mkdir: Creates directories (subdirectories)
mkdir -p: Creates directories and any parent directories that are needed
rmdir: Removes empty directories (if non-empty, then rm -r needs to be used)

Using Tar, Gzip, & Bzip2

tar: creates archive files (.tar)
gzip: compresses archive files (.tar.gz)
bzip2: compresses files (.tar.bz2)

Activities

Activities provided; include creating files, directories, and moving files among directories using commands like mkdir, touch, cp, mv, and rm.

Editing Text Files with Vim

Vim: a popular command-line text editor for creating and editing text files.

Vim Command Modes

Offers several modes (command, insert, extended command, and visual modes); keystrokes function differently based on the current mode.

Pathname Expansion and Matching

*: Matches zero or more characters
?: Matches a single character
[...]: Matches any character within the brackets
[!...] or [^..]: Matches any character not within the brackets
Using these patterns to find files by name

Tilde Expansion

~: Represents the user’s home directory
~username: Represents the specified user's home directory

Linux Manual Pages

man pages: Documentation for commands and utilities; organized by sections.
Using man and man -k to search for commands and find documentation.

Using `su` (switch user).

su: Switches users or runs a command as a different user, or with special user privileges.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of security in Windows and Linux systems. This quiz covers file management tools and the organization of the Linux file system hierarchy. Learn about significant directories in Red Hat Enterprise Linux and their purposes.

Windows & Linux Security - CSF Year 1, Sem 2

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