Windows Fundamentals Quiz

Administrative Information

• Safety requirements include knowledge of emergency exits and how to contact emergency services.
• Risk assessment categorizes the risk level as low.
• Emphasis on environmentally friendly practices: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
• Daily quizzes evaluate understanding and retention of class material.
• Course content is classified as unclassified and open for general dissemination.

TLO Knowledge and Skills

• Students must engage with classroom resources, practical exercises, and IT equipment.
• Key competencies include Windows authentication, user/group management, and file system organization.

Objectives

• Understand Windows Authentication and its importance for resource access verification.
• Familiarity with user/group management and associated permissions.
• Grasp the structure of file systems and directory organization.
• Competence in using Command Line Interfaces (CLI) and PowerShell commands.

Windows Authentication

• A secure process for verifying user identities via different methods.
• Password-based authentication compares user-provided passwords with stored hashes.

File/File Systems

• A file is a collection of data, which can include various types such as text, images, or programs.
• File systems manage how data is named, stored, organized, and accessed.
• Common Windows file systems include FAT (File Allocation Table) and NTFS (New Technology File System).

FAT File System

• Originated in 1977; adapted for various storage media.
• Uses a table to track file locations, with versions named after their bit representation (FAT12, FAT16, FAT32).
• Maximum file size for FAT32 is approximately 4 GB.

ExFAT File System

• Developed for larger storage needs and used in USBs/removable media.
• Supports file sizes over 4 GB and storage media up to 256 TB.
• Lacks robust security features compared to NTFS and offers limited recovery options.

Authorization and Access Control

• Authorization determines the level of user access to system resources.
• Discretionary Access Control Lists (DACL) are used for file and directory permissions in modern Windows OS.

Windows Command Line

• The Command Prompt is a text-based interface for executing commands and scripts in Windows.
• Access the command line via Start > Run or by searching for "cmd."

Basic Commands

• dir: Lists directory contents.
• cd: Changes the current directory.
• copy: Copies files.
• move: Moves files.
• del: Deletes files.
• mkdir: Creates new directories.
• rmdir: Removes directories.
• ipconfig: Displays TCP/IP network configuration.
• cls: Clears the terminal screen.
• exit: Closes the command prompt.

Process Baseline

• Establishes standard performance metrics for system processes.
• Baselines aid in identifying anomalies within normal operations.
• Effective monitoring and evaluation rely on keeping an updated system baseline.

Concurrency

• Refers to managing multiple processes/tasks simultaneously for better resource utilization.
• Concepts include multitasking, multithreading, and parallel processing.
• Benefits include improved responsiveness and resource utilization.

Race Conditions

• Occur when processes rely on the order of execution of others.
• Two types of race conditions: software and hardware-related.

Exceptions and Trap Handling

• Exceptions disrupt normal process flow; trap handling is managing software-generated interrupts.

Device Drivers

• Enable the operating system to communicate with hardware components effectively.

PowerShell Commands

• Get-Help: Displays cmdlet help information.
• Get-Command: Lists all available cmdlets and functions.
• Get-Process: Retrieves running processes on a system.
• New-Item: Creates new files or directories.
• Copy-Item: Copies items between locations.
• Remove-Item: Deletes specified files or directories.