WIFORT Flashcards - Vocabulary Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What can be a reason for fluency difficulties for ELLs?

Must have fluency in speaking before writing; decoding, comprehension, and fluency all work together; self-conscious about reading out loud with accents.

What is an important aspect of phonics support for ELLs?

Knowledge of native language using Roman or non-Roman words.

Which of the following is a method to support phonemic awareness for ELLs?

  • Avoid using native language references
  • Read silently without external sound patterns
  • Experience fun songs and poems to be introduced to sound patterns (correct)
  • Focus solely on writing skills

Context clues are always successful for understanding word meaning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Affix' refer to?

<p>A general term for prefixes and suffixes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Alphabetic Principle?

<p>The concept that letters and letter combinations represent individual phonemes in written words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Chunked Text?

<p>Continuous text that has been separated by / or //. The intent of using it is to give children an opportunity to practice reading phrases fluently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Concepts/Conventions of Print?

<p>Understanding the rules of using print and written language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Connected Text?

<p>Words that are linked in sentences, phrases, or paragraphs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Consonant Blend?

<p>Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their individual sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Consonant Digraph?

<p>Two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme/sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Cueing System?

<p>Any source of information that may aid identification of a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Decodable Text?

<p>Text with a high proportion of words (80-90%) that comprise sound-symbol relationships already taught.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Derivational Affix?

<p>A prefix or suffix added to a root or stem to form another word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Digraphs?

<p>A group of two consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Diphthong?

<p>A vowel that feels as if it has two parts because of shifting in position of the tongue during articulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Discourse?

<p>How we combine sentences to communicate ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Elkonin Boxes?

<p>Boxes used during phonemic awareness instruction, with one box for each sound in the targeted word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Etymology?

<p>The origin and history of a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 Components of Reading?

<p>Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Flexible Grouping?

<p>Grouping students according to shared instructional needs and abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Floss Rule?

<p>Words of one syllable ending in f, l, or s double after a vowel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Grapheme?

<p>A letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Graphophonics?

<p>The relationship between the letters and letter sounds of a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Homograph?

<p>Words that are spelled the same but have different origins and meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Independent Reading Level?

<p>The level at which a reader can read text with 95% accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Inversions?

<p>Reversal or flipping of letters either horizontally or vertically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Language Structure?

<p>The organization of words (written &amp; spoken) into meaningful segments using conventions of grammar and syntax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Linguistic Approach?

<p>A reading method based on highly regular spelling patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Morpheme?

<p>The smallest meaningful unit of language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Oddities in language?

<p>Vowels that are pronounced differently from the expected pronunciation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Orthography?

<p>A writing system for representing language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Phonemes?

<p>The smallest unit of sound within our language system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Phonogram?

<p>A succession of letters that represent the same phonological unit in different words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Pragmatics?

<p>The use of language in social contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Prosody in reading?

<p>Reading with expression, proper intonation, and phrasing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Root in linguistics?

<p>A bound morpheme that cannot stand alone but is used to form a family of related words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Schema?

<p>The prior knowledge the reader brings to text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Semantics?

<p>The analysis of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of Syllable Types?

<p>Closed, open, vowel-consonant/VCE, r-controlled, vowel pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Syntax?

<p>The pattern or structure of word order in sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Target Words?

<p>Words that are specifically addressed, analyzed, and/or studied in a lesson.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Utility of a word?

<p>The degree of usefulness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Vowel Digraph/Vowel Pair?

<p>Two vowels together that represent one sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phonological Awareness?

<p>The ability to recognize and work with sounds in spoken language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phonics?

<p>Mapping phonemes to their corresponding letters and letter combinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Isolation?

<p>Recognizing individual sounds in a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Identification?

<p>Recognizing the same sound in different words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Categorization?

<p>Recognizing the word in a set that has the 'odd' sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Blending?

<p>Listening to a sequence of separately spoken phonemes and then combining them to form a word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Segmentation?

<p>Breaking a word into its separate sounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Deletion?

<p>Recognizing the word that remains when a phoneme is removed from another word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Addition?

<p>Making a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phoneme Substitution?

<p>Substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three cueing systems of Semantics?

<p>Meaning/What would make sense?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three cueing systems of Syntax?

<p>Structure/What would sound right?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three cueing systems of Phonics?

<p>Visual/What word matches the print?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Final Y Generalizations?

<p>Y functions as a vowel in the final position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Digraph Generalizations?

<p>When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Silent E Generalizations?

<p>When a short word ends with an 'e', the first vowel usually has the long sound and the final 'e' is silent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are R Controlled Vowels Generalizations?

<p>When the vowel letter is followed by 'r', the vowel sound is neither long nor short.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Analytic Phonics?

<p>A whole to part approach where students are first taught sight words and then phonic generalizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Synthetic Phonics?

<p>A part to whole approach where students learn the sounds represented by letters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Emergent Readers?

<p>Students who are learning concepts about print and building phonological awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Early/Beginning Readers?

<p>Students in kindergarten to 1st grade who understand short vowel sounds, long vowel patterns, and sight words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Fluency in reading?

<p>Reading smoothly, accurately, and efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Instructional Level for reading?

<p>90-94% accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Frustration Level of reading?

<p>Below 90% accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Oral Reading Fluency Strategies?

<p>Repeated readings of familiar texts, Echo Reading, Choral Reading, Reader's Theater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Spelling Joining Syllables involve?

<p>Mark the short vowel, double the consonant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Accent and Stress in Spelling help identify?

<p>Verbs and adjectives tend to end in 'en', nouns tend to end in 'on', comparative adjectives in 'er'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Related Meaning Spelling?

<p>Words that are related in meaning are often related in spelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Suffix Spellings involve?

<p>Rules for adding suffixes based on the final letters of base words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Vocabulary Domains?

<p>Categories of vocabulary that include Tier 1 (familiar words), Tier 2 (sophisticated synonyms), and Tier 3 (domain-specific).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Before Reading Strategies?

<p>Activating prior knowledge, making predictions from text features, setting a purpose for reading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are During Reading Strategies?

<p>Checking predictions for accuracy, forming sensory images, making inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are After Reading Strategies?

<p>Discussing accuracy of predictions, summarizing key ideas, connecting information between texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Comprehension of Informational Texts strategies?

<p>Increasing exposure, explicit teaching of comprehension strategies, using texts for authentic purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are types of Informational Text Structure?

<p>Chronological, descriptive, cause and effect, compare and contrast, problem and solution, question and answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Elements to Assess in reading?

<p>Emergent literacy, word strategies, fluency, comprehension, and interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the focuses for Emergent Readers & Writers Instruction?

<p>Model reading and writing, read predictable books with pictures, encourage experimenting with writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of Emergent Readers & Writers (Pre-K to 1st grade)?

<p>They understand that written language conveys messages, pretend read and write, match spoken words with print.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What teaching strategies are important for Early Readers?

<p>Continued exposure to reading and writing, modeling three cueing systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of Early Readers (1st-2nd grade)?

<p>They understand that reading needs to make sense, identify letters by name, recognize punctuation, use pictures and phonics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of Early Writing (1st-2nd grade)?

<p>Use spaces between words not consistently, more sound/letter associations in spelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of Early Fluent/Fluent Readers (2nd-3rd grade)?

<p>Recognize many words in and out of context, apply phonics to new words, monitor reading for meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of Early Fluent/Fluent Writing (2nd-3rd grade)?

<p>More comfortable with drafting, revising and editing, use spelling closer to conventional spelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategies are important for Early Fluent/Fluent Instruction?

<p>Continue opportunities to read and discuss texts, practice fluency, provide guidance with comprehension strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Phonics in reading instruction?

<p>Look for use of phonics in single syllable words and in single syllables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Analysis of Word Structure in reading instruction?

<p>Look for analysis of word structure with multi-syllable words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Context Clues?

<p>Using context clues to identify an unfamiliar word.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Identification of Sight Words?

<p>Automaticity of high frequency words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Literal Comprehension?

<p>The ability to repeat back the sequence of events, characters, setting, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Inferential Comprehension?

<p>The ability to make inferences, ponder, and wonder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Engagement of Schema?

<p>To show evidence of activating background knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Self-Monitoring in reading?

<p>Applying comprehension strategies and being aware of breaks in comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Open Response Set Up?

<p>Identifying the strengths and weaknesses, defining them, providing evidence, and wrapping up how they contribute to overall reading performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Instructional Adjustments for ELLs?

<p>Focusing on additional work on English phonemes not in their native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Comprehension Supports for ELLs?

<p>Providing nonverbal support, explicitly teaching comprehension strategies, and interactive activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Vocabulary Supports for ELLs?

<p>Using words with similar meanings in the native language, providing multiple opportunities to encounter vocabulary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Vocabulary and Phonics Concepts

  • Affix: General term for prefixes and suffixes.
  • Alphabetic Principle: Concept that letters represent phonemes in written words.
  • Consonant Blend: Two or more consecutive consonants that retain their individual sounds (e.g., "bl" in "block").
  • Consonant Digraph: Two consecutive consonants representing one phoneme (e.g., "ch," "sh").
  • Vowel Digraph/Vowel Pair: Two vowels together that represent one sound (e.g., "ai," "oa").

Reading Comprehension and Strategies

  • Decodable Text: Text where 80-90% of words are based on sound-symbol relationships previously taught.
  • Phonemic Awareness: Includes skills like phoneme isolation, blending, segmentation, and substitution.
  • Comprehension of Informational Texts: Emphasizes increased exposure and explicit teaching of strategies.
  • During Reading Strategies: Techniques such as checking predictions, making inferences, and recognizing cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Concepts/Conventions of Print: Rules governing written language use, such as reading direction and punctuation.
  • Language Structure: Organization of words into meaningful segments using grammar and syntax.
  • Orthography: A writing system for representing a language.

Phonological and Phonemic Skills

  • Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound in a language, combined to create words.
  • Morpheme: The smallest unit of meaning in language.
  • Phonological Awareness: Includes activities like rhyming and syllable counting to enhance sound recognition.

Fluency and Instructional Strategies

  • Fluency: Reading smoothly and accurately with appropriate expression and intonation.
  • Instructional Level: Defined as reading with 90-94% accuracy, while frustration level is below 90%.
  • Emergent Readers: Focus on concepts about print and basic phonological awareness.

Vocabulary and ELL Support

  • Vocabulary Domains: Tiers of vocabulary from familiar words (Tier 1) to domain-specific terminology (Tier 3).
  • Comprehension Supports for ELLs: Use of nonverbal aids and explicit teaching strategies to enhance understanding.
  • Phonics Support for ELLs: Highlight the different letter combinations across languages while emphasizing meaning in reading.

Writing and Communication

  • Discourse: The way sentences are combined to communicate ideas effectively.
  • Syntax: The arrangement and structure of words in sentences according to grammatical rules.
  • Self-Monitoring: Awareness of comprehension breaks and the application of strategies to maintain understanding.

Evaluation and Assessment

  • Elements to Assess: Key focus areas include emergent literacy, fluency, comprehension, and interest in reading.
  • Open Response Set Up: Framework for identifying strengths and weaknesses in reading performance, supported by evidence.

Strategy Implementation Focus

  • Flexible Grouping: Organizing students based on instructional needs and abilities for targeted learning.
  • Before Reading Strategies: Strategies such as activating prior knowledge and utilizing text features to enhance engagement.

Generalization and Rules

  • Final Y Generalizations: Understanding that "y" acts as a vowel in final positions (e.g., "merry").
  • Floss Rule: One-syllable words ending in f, l, or s typically double the consonant after a vowel.

These notes summarize critical concepts and strategies essential for understanding reading, phonics, and instructional approaches within literacy education.

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