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Questions and Answers
What happens in a circuit switched network when two parties connect?
What distinguishes connectionless service from connection-oriented service?
Which of the following statements is true regarding packet-switched networks?
What are the self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment called?
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Where do IT engineers make distinctions between connectionless and connection-oriented protocols?
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What is the role of packet switches in a packet-switched network?
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What does IEEE 802.2 LLC support in LANs?
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Which of the following is an example of a connectionless service?
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What is the primary function of Cloud Computing?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor enabling remote computing in Cloud Computing?
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What does 'ubiquitous availability' refer to in Cloud Computing?
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How do Application Program Interfaces (APIs) function in Cloud Computing?
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Which of the following is a benefit of Cloud Applications for consumers?
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What does the term 'commoditized' imply in the context of Cloud Services?
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What is one way small businesses benefit from using Cloud Computing?
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Which statement accurately describes the hosting of cloud services?
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What is the primary characteristic that makes ATM a suitable choice for transporting real-time services?
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Which type of connection is typically used to access the ATM core?
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Which ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is known for having minimum fixed delay and is most popular for multimedia services?
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What was a key development in cloud computing initiated by Amazon in 2006?
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Which AAL is primarily used for voice applications and is connection-oriented with fixed delay?
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What trend has significantly contributed to the growth of cloud computing in modern days?
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What does AAL-3/4 primarily represent in the context of ATM?
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In which decade did cloud computing begin to take shape with the work of programmers developing remote software?
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What does Cloud Computing primarily offer?
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Which service model is not part of the three-layer cloud architecture?
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What is a major concern when moving applications to the cloud?
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What does the term 'Elastic Computing' refer to?
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What type of cloud service allows users no need-to-know about the underlying infrastructure?
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Which characteristic of cloud computing helps in cost management?
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What service types are included in IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?
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Which solution can help companies transition applications to the cloud more easily?
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What is one of the primary benefits of Amazon's Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2)?
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How is Amazon’s Simple Storage Solution (S3) priced?
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What concern is associated with cloud computing regarding API?
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What advantage does cloud computing offer in terms of document access?
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Which of the following is considered a challenge associated with cloud computing?
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What does the elastic nature of cloud computing primarily facilitate?
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How does Amazon's storage service pricing structure encourage users?
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What is a potential consequence of dependence on major cloud providers?
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Study Notes
Wide Area Networking (WAN) Architectures
- Circuit-switched networks create dedicated circuits for communication, no need for routing addresses.
- Packet-switched networks send data in packets, which may take different paths to reach the destination.
- Connectionless service requires packet addresses in each packet; switches make routing decisions based on these.
- The global address uniquely identifies the ultimate destination of each packet.
- IEEE 802.2 LLC standards support both Connectionless and Connection-oriented protocols in Local Area Networks (LANs).
WAN Switching
- Packets in a packet-switched network may arrive out of order, requiring reassembly at the destination.
- Datagrams are self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment.
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) provides predictable and consistent transmission, ideal for real-time services.
- T-carrier services (T-1, T-3) and Fiber Optic connections are used to access the ATM core.
ATM Adaptive Layers (AALs)
- AAL-1: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for voice (Time Division Multiplexing).
- AAL-2: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for compressed video.
- AAL-3/4: Connectionless, variable delay, less popular for multimedia.
- AAL-5: Connection-oriented, minimum fixed delay, widely used for multimedia applications; replaces AAL-3/4.
Cloud Computing Overview
- Cloud computing encompasses network-based services over the Internet; has evolved since the late 1980s.
- The 1950s saw mainframe computers enabling multiple users through thin clients.
- John McCarthy proposed the concept of computing as a utility in the 1960s.
- The 1990s introduced Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and a shift to utility-based access to resources.
- Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006, promoting cloud computing capabilities.
Cloud Computing Characteristics
- Remotely hosted services accessible anywhere, akin to utility services (pay-per-use model).
- Enabled by low-cost, high-speed Internet, affordable memory storage, and multi-processing capabilities.
- Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow different cloud services to communicate and exchange information.
Advantages and Benefits
- Lower costs for applications and services compared to purchasing hardware/software.
- Mobile accessibility eliminates the need for expensive personal devices.
- Cloud applications enable small businesses to share resources and reduce LAN maintenance costs.
Security and Concerns
- Transitioning applications to the cloud may require significant adjustments, including APIs and IP addressing.
- Security is a key concern; providers offer VPN and private cloud services to enhance data safety.
- Concerns include lack of standardized APIs, privacy issues, data control, and challenges when switching providers.
Cloud Computing Layers
- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Offers virtualized computing resources.
- PaaS (Platform as a Service): Provides a platform allowing clients to develop, run, and manage applications.
- SaaS (Software as a Service): Software applications available via the Internet.
Elastic Computing
- Elastic computing adapts resource allocation to current demands, helping organizations avoid unused capacity costs.
- Amazon’s EC2 and S3 are prominent examples of elastic computing solutions, featuring pay-as-you-go pricing.
Commercial Cloud Offerings
- Cloud-sourcing enables access to services and resources anytime, anywhere, with quick scalability.
- Potential drawbacks include dependency on major providers, data privacy issues, and the intricacies of interoperability among services.
Challenges in Cloud Computing
- Heavy reliance on large technology companies could lead to monopolies.
- Security and data ownership questions remain, with ongoing efforts to improve these aspects through VPNs and private cloud options.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of Wide Area Networking (WAN) architectures, including circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. This quiz covers key concepts such as routing, packet addressing, and standards like IEEE 802.2. Challenge yourself with questions on WAN switching and technologies such as ATM and T-carrier services.