Podcast
Questions and Answers
What happens in a circuit switched network when two parties connect?
What happens in a circuit switched network when two parties connect?
- No specific address information is required for routing.
- Multiple connections can occur simultaneously over the same circuit.
- Data packets are sent independently without a set path.
- A dedicated circuit is created for the duration of the connection. (correct)
What distinguishes connectionless service from connection-oriented service?
What distinguishes connectionless service from connection-oriented service?
- Connection-oriented service sends data in a single complete message.
- Connectionless service requires a unique full destination address for each packet. (correct)
- Connectionless service maintains a continuous connection throughout communication.
- Connectionless service guarantees the delivery order of packets.
Which of the following statements is true regarding packet-switched networks?
Which of the following statements is true regarding packet-switched networks?
- Packets can arrive out of order due to varying paths. (correct)
- Physical paths for packets are predetermined and fixed.
- End users can predict the route each packet will take.
- All packets follow the same path from source to destination.
What are the self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment called?
What are the self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment called?
Where do IT engineers make distinctions between connectionless and connection-oriented protocols?
Where do IT engineers make distinctions between connectionless and connection-oriented protocols?
What is the role of packet switches in a packet-switched network?
What is the role of packet switches in a packet-switched network?
What does IEEE 802.2 LLC support in LANs?
What does IEEE 802.2 LLC support in LANs?
Which of the following is an example of a connectionless service?
Which of the following is an example of a connectionless service?
What is the primary function of Cloud Computing?
What is the primary function of Cloud Computing?
Which of the following is NOT a factor enabling remote computing in Cloud Computing?
Which of the following is NOT a factor enabling remote computing in Cloud Computing?
What does 'ubiquitous availability' refer to in Cloud Computing?
What does 'ubiquitous availability' refer to in Cloud Computing?
How do Application Program Interfaces (APIs) function in Cloud Computing?
How do Application Program Interfaces (APIs) function in Cloud Computing?
Which of the following is a benefit of Cloud Applications for consumers?
Which of the following is a benefit of Cloud Applications for consumers?
What does the term 'commoditized' imply in the context of Cloud Services?
What does the term 'commoditized' imply in the context of Cloud Services?
What is one way small businesses benefit from using Cloud Computing?
What is one way small businesses benefit from using Cloud Computing?
Which statement accurately describes the hosting of cloud services?
Which statement accurately describes the hosting of cloud services?
What is the primary characteristic that makes ATM a suitable choice for transporting real-time services?
What is the primary characteristic that makes ATM a suitable choice for transporting real-time services?
Which type of connection is typically used to access the ATM core?
Which type of connection is typically used to access the ATM core?
Which ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is known for having minimum fixed delay and is most popular for multimedia services?
Which ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is known for having minimum fixed delay and is most popular for multimedia services?
What was a key development in cloud computing initiated by Amazon in 2006?
What was a key development in cloud computing initiated by Amazon in 2006?
Which AAL is primarily used for voice applications and is connection-oriented with fixed delay?
Which AAL is primarily used for voice applications and is connection-oriented with fixed delay?
What trend has significantly contributed to the growth of cloud computing in modern days?
What trend has significantly contributed to the growth of cloud computing in modern days?
What does AAL-3/4 primarily represent in the context of ATM?
What does AAL-3/4 primarily represent in the context of ATM?
In which decade did cloud computing begin to take shape with the work of programmers developing remote software?
In which decade did cloud computing begin to take shape with the work of programmers developing remote software?
What does Cloud Computing primarily offer?
What does Cloud Computing primarily offer?
Which service model is not part of the three-layer cloud architecture?
Which service model is not part of the three-layer cloud architecture?
What is a major concern when moving applications to the cloud?
What is a major concern when moving applications to the cloud?
What does the term 'Elastic Computing' refer to?
What does the term 'Elastic Computing' refer to?
What type of cloud service allows users no need-to-know about the underlying infrastructure?
What type of cloud service allows users no need-to-know about the underlying infrastructure?
Which characteristic of cloud computing helps in cost management?
Which characteristic of cloud computing helps in cost management?
What service types are included in IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?
What service types are included in IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?
Which solution can help companies transition applications to the cloud more easily?
Which solution can help companies transition applications to the cloud more easily?
What is one of the primary benefits of Amazon's Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2)?
What is one of the primary benefits of Amazon's Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2)?
How is Amazon’s Simple Storage Solution (S3) priced?
How is Amazon’s Simple Storage Solution (S3) priced?
What concern is associated with cloud computing regarding API?
What concern is associated with cloud computing regarding API?
What advantage does cloud computing offer in terms of document access?
What advantage does cloud computing offer in terms of document access?
Which of the following is considered a challenge associated with cloud computing?
Which of the following is considered a challenge associated with cloud computing?
What does the elastic nature of cloud computing primarily facilitate?
What does the elastic nature of cloud computing primarily facilitate?
How does Amazon's storage service pricing structure encourage users?
How does Amazon's storage service pricing structure encourage users?
What is a potential consequence of dependence on major cloud providers?
What is a potential consequence of dependence on major cloud providers?
Study Notes
Wide Area Networking (WAN) Architectures
- Circuit-switched networks create dedicated circuits for communication, no need for routing addresses.
- Packet-switched networks send data in packets, which may take different paths to reach the destination.
- Connectionless service requires packet addresses in each packet; switches make routing decisions based on these.
- The global address uniquely identifies the ultimate destination of each packet.
- IEEE 802.2 LLC standards support both Connectionless and Connection-oriented protocols in Local Area Networks (LANs).
WAN Switching
- Packets in a packet-switched network may arrive out of order, requiring reassembly at the destination.
- Datagrams are self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment.
- Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) provides predictable and consistent transmission, ideal for real-time services.
- T-carrier services (T-1, T-3) and Fiber Optic connections are used to access the ATM core.
ATM Adaptive Layers (AALs)
- AAL-1: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for voice (Time Division Multiplexing).
- AAL-2: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for compressed video.
- AAL-3/4: Connectionless, variable delay, less popular for multimedia.
- AAL-5: Connection-oriented, minimum fixed delay, widely used for multimedia applications; replaces AAL-3/4.
Cloud Computing Overview
- Cloud computing encompasses network-based services over the Internet; has evolved since the late 1980s.
- The 1950s saw mainframe computers enabling multiple users through thin clients.
- John McCarthy proposed the concept of computing as a utility in the 1960s.
- The 1990s introduced Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and a shift to utility-based access to resources.
- Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006, promoting cloud computing capabilities.
Cloud Computing Characteristics
- Remotely hosted services accessible anywhere, akin to utility services (pay-per-use model).
- Enabled by low-cost, high-speed Internet, affordable memory storage, and multi-processing capabilities.
- Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow different cloud services to communicate and exchange information.
Advantages and Benefits
- Lower costs for applications and services compared to purchasing hardware/software.
- Mobile accessibility eliminates the need for expensive personal devices.
- Cloud applications enable small businesses to share resources and reduce LAN maintenance costs.
Security and Concerns
- Transitioning applications to the cloud may require significant adjustments, including APIs and IP addressing.
- Security is a key concern; providers offer VPN and private cloud services to enhance data safety.
- Concerns include lack of standardized APIs, privacy issues, data control, and challenges when switching providers.
Cloud Computing Layers
- IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Offers virtualized computing resources.
- PaaS (Platform as a Service): Provides a platform allowing clients to develop, run, and manage applications.
- SaaS (Software as a Service): Software applications available via the Internet.
Elastic Computing
- Elastic computing adapts resource allocation to current demands, helping organizations avoid unused capacity costs.
- Amazon’s EC2 and S3 are prominent examples of elastic computing solutions, featuring pay-as-you-go pricing.
Commercial Cloud Offerings
- Cloud-sourcing enables access to services and resources anytime, anywhere, with quick scalability.
- Potential drawbacks include dependency on major providers, data privacy issues, and the intricacies of interoperability among services.
Challenges in Cloud Computing
- Heavy reliance on large technology companies could lead to monopolies.
- Security and data ownership questions remain, with ongoing efforts to improve these aspects through VPNs and private cloud options.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of Wide Area Networking (WAN) architectures, including circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. This quiz covers key concepts such as routing, packet addressing, and standards like IEEE 802.2. Challenge yourself with questions on WAN switching and technologies such as ATM and T-carrier services.
