Wide Area Networking Architectures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens in a circuit switched network when two parties connect?

  • No specific address information is required for routing.
  • Multiple connections can occur simultaneously over the same circuit.
  • Data packets are sent independently without a set path.
  • A dedicated circuit is created for the duration of the connection. (correct)
  • What distinguishes connectionless service from connection-oriented service?

  • Connection-oriented service sends data in a single complete message.
  • Connectionless service requires a unique full destination address for each packet. (correct)
  • Connectionless service maintains a continuous connection throughout communication.
  • Connectionless service guarantees the delivery order of packets.
  • Which of the following statements is true regarding packet-switched networks?

  • Packets can arrive out of order due to varying paths. (correct)
  • Physical paths for packets are predetermined and fixed.
  • End users can predict the route each packet will take.
  • All packets follow the same path from source to destination.
  • What are the self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment called?

    <p>Datagrams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do IT engineers make distinctions between connectionless and connection-oriented protocols?

    <p>At various layers including the transport and network layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of packet switches in a packet-switched network?

    <p>To pass packets among themselves as they are routed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does IEEE 802.2 LLC support in LANs?

    <p>Both connection-oriented and connectionless protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a connectionless service?

    <p>UDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cloud Computing?

    <p>To provide network-based computing services over the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor enabling remote computing in Cloud Computing?

    <p>Increased hardware requirements for end-users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'ubiquitous availability' refer to in Cloud Computing?

    <p>Services can be accessed from virtually anywhere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Application Program Interfaces (APIs) function in Cloud Computing?

    <p>APIs facilitate communication between different software applications over the Cloud.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of Cloud Applications for consumers?

    <p>Cloud applications are less expensive than purchasing traditional software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'commoditized' imply in the context of Cloud Services?

    <p>Cloud services operate on a utility computing model, similar to traditional utilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way small businesses benefit from using Cloud Computing?

    <p>They can share office applications without maintaining local area networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the hosting of cloud services?

    <p>They are often hosted on remote infrastructures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that makes ATM a suitable choice for transporting real-time services?

    <p>Predictability and consistency of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connection is typically used to access the ATM core?

    <p>T-carrier services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is known for having minimum fixed delay and is most popular for multimedia services?

    <p>AAL-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key development in cloud computing initiated by Amazon in 2006?

    <p>Launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which AAL is primarily used for voice applications and is connection-oriented with fixed delay?

    <p>AAL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend has significantly contributed to the growth of cloud computing in modern days?

    <p>Availability of high-capacity networks and low-cost computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does AAL-3/4 primarily represent in the context of ATM?

    <p>Connectionless, variable delay for multimedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which decade did cloud computing begin to take shape with the work of programmers developing remote software?

    <p>1980s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cloud Computing primarily offer?

    <p>A shared pool of configurable computing resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service model is not part of the three-layer cloud architecture?

    <p>DaaS: Data as a Service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern when moving applications to the cloud?

    <p>Rewriting the application or changing APIs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Elastic Computing' refer to?

    <p>Fast expansion or reduction of resources based on demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cloud service allows users no need-to-know about the underlying infrastructure?

    <p>APIs facilitate interaction without detailed knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of cloud computing helps in cost management?

    <p>Pay-as-you-go billing model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What service types are included in IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

    <p>Load balancing services, storage services, and application services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution can help companies transition applications to the cloud more easily?

    <p>Using APIs from cloud service providers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary benefits of Amazon's Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2)?

    <p>Elasticity allowing for scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Amazon’s Simple Storage Solution (S3) priced?

    <p>$0.15 per GByte for storage used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concern is associated with cloud computing regarding API?

    <p>API conversion issues when changing providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does cloud computing offer in terms of document access?

    <p>Universal document access from anywhere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a challenge associated with cloud computing?

    <p>Concerns about security and privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the elastic nature of cloud computing primarily facilitate?

    <p>Rapid scalability and load sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Amazon's storage service pricing structure encourage users?

    <p>Pay for what you use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of dependence on major cloud providers?

    <p>Return to mainframe-like monopolies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Wide Area Networking (WAN) Architectures

    • Circuit-switched networks create dedicated circuits for communication, no need for routing addresses.
    • Packet-switched networks send data in packets, which may take different paths to reach the destination.
    • Connectionless service requires packet addresses in each packet; switches make routing decisions based on these.
    • The global address uniquely identifies the ultimate destination of each packet.
    • IEEE 802.2 LLC standards support both Connectionless and Connection-oriented protocols in Local Area Networks (LANs).

    WAN Switching

    • Packets in a packet-switched network may arrive out of order, requiring reassembly at the destination.
    • Datagrams are self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment.
    • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) provides predictable and consistent transmission, ideal for real-time services.
    • T-carrier services (T-1, T-3) and Fiber Optic connections are used to access the ATM core.

    ATM Adaptive Layers (AALs)

    • AAL-1: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for voice (Time Division Multiplexing).
    • AAL-2: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for compressed video.
    • AAL-3/4: Connectionless, variable delay, less popular for multimedia.
    • AAL-5: Connection-oriented, minimum fixed delay, widely used for multimedia applications; replaces AAL-3/4.

    Cloud Computing Overview

    • Cloud computing encompasses network-based services over the Internet; has evolved since the late 1980s.
    • The 1950s saw mainframe computers enabling multiple users through thin clients.
    • John McCarthy proposed the concept of computing as a utility in the 1960s.
    • The 1990s introduced Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and a shift to utility-based access to resources.
    • Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006, promoting cloud computing capabilities.

    Cloud Computing Characteristics

    • Remotely hosted services accessible anywhere, akin to utility services (pay-per-use model).
    • Enabled by low-cost, high-speed Internet, affordable memory storage, and multi-processing capabilities.
    • Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow different cloud services to communicate and exchange information.

    Advantages and Benefits

    • Lower costs for applications and services compared to purchasing hardware/software.
    • Mobile accessibility eliminates the need for expensive personal devices.
    • Cloud applications enable small businesses to share resources and reduce LAN maintenance costs.

    Security and Concerns

    • Transitioning applications to the cloud may require significant adjustments, including APIs and IP addressing.
    • Security is a key concern; providers offer VPN and private cloud services to enhance data safety.
    • Concerns include lack of standardized APIs, privacy issues, data control, and challenges when switching providers.

    Cloud Computing Layers

    • IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Offers virtualized computing resources.
    • PaaS (Platform as a Service): Provides a platform allowing clients to develop, run, and manage applications.
    • SaaS (Software as a Service): Software applications available via the Internet.

    Elastic Computing

    • Elastic computing adapts resource allocation to current demands, helping organizations avoid unused capacity costs.
    • Amazon’s EC2 and S3 are prominent examples of elastic computing solutions, featuring pay-as-you-go pricing.

    Commercial Cloud Offerings

    • Cloud-sourcing enables access to services and resources anytime, anywhere, with quick scalability.
    • Potential drawbacks include dependency on major providers, data privacy issues, and the intricacies of interoperability among services.

    Challenges in Cloud Computing

    • Heavy reliance on large technology companies could lead to monopolies.
    • Security and data ownership questions remain, with ongoing efforts to improve these aspects through VPNs and private cloud options.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the principles of Wide Area Networking (WAN) architectures, including circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. This quiz covers key concepts such as routing, packet addressing, and standards like IEEE 802.2. Challenge yourself with questions on WAN switching and technologies such as ATM and T-carrier services.

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