Wide Area Networking Architectures Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens in a circuit switched network when two parties connect?

No specific address information is required for routing.

Multiple connections can occur simultaneously over the same circuit.

Data packets are sent independently without a set path.

A dedicated circuit is created for the duration of the connection. (correct)

What distinguishes connectionless service from connection-oriented service?

Connection-oriented service sends data in a single complete message.

Connectionless service requires a unique full destination address for each packet. (correct)

Connectionless service maintains a continuous connection throughout communication.

Connectionless service guarantees the delivery order of packets.

Which of the following statements is true regarding packet-switched networks?

Packets can arrive out of order due to varying paths. (correct)

Physical paths for packets are predetermined and fixed.

End users can predict the route each packet will take.

All packets follow the same path from source to destination.

What are the self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment called?

Datagrams (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where do IT engineers make distinctions between connectionless and connection-oriented protocols?

At various layers including the transport and network layers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of packet switches in a packet-switched network?

To pass packets among themselves as they are routed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does IEEE 802.2 LLC support in LANs?

Both connection-oriented and connectionless protocols. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a connectionless service?

UDP (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Cloud Computing?

To provide network-based computing services over the Internet. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor enabling remote computing in Cloud Computing?

Increased hardware requirements for end-users (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'ubiquitous availability' refer to in Cloud Computing?

Services can be accessed from virtually anywhere. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do Application Program Interfaces (APIs) function in Cloud Computing?

APIs facilitate communication between different software applications over the Cloud. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of Cloud Applications for consumers?

Cloud applications are less expensive than purchasing traditional software. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'commoditized' imply in the context of Cloud Services?

Cloud services operate on a utility computing model, similar to traditional utilities. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way small businesses benefit from using Cloud Computing?

They can share office applications without maintaining local area networks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the hosting of cloud services?

They are often hosted on remote infrastructures. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that makes ATM a suitable choice for transporting real-time services?

Predictability and consistency of transmission (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connection is typically used to access the ATM core?

T-carrier services (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is known for having minimum fixed delay and is most popular for multimedia services?

AAL-5 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a key development in cloud computing initiated by Amazon in 2006?

Launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which AAL is primarily used for voice applications and is connection-oriented with fixed delay?

AAL-1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What trend has significantly contributed to the growth of cloud computing in modern days?

Availability of high-capacity networks and low-cost computing (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does AAL-3/4 primarily represent in the context of ATM?

Connectionless, variable delay for multimedia (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which decade did cloud computing begin to take shape with the work of programmers developing remote software?

1980s (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Cloud Computing primarily offer?

A shared pool of configurable computing resources. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which service model is not part of the three-layer cloud architecture?

DaaS: Data as a Service. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern when moving applications to the cloud?

Rewriting the application or changing APIs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Elastic Computing' refer to?

Fast expansion or reduction of resources based on demand. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cloud service allows users no need-to-know about the underlying infrastructure?

APIs facilitate interaction without detailed knowledge. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of cloud computing helps in cost management?

Pay-as-you-go billing model. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What service types are included in IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS?

Load balancing services, storage services, and application services. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which solution can help companies transition applications to the cloud more easily?

Using APIs from cloud service providers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of Amazon's Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2)?

Elasticity allowing for scalability (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is Amazon’s Simple Storage Solution (S3) priced?

$0.15 per GByte for storage used (B) Signup and view all the answers

What concern is associated with cloud computing regarding API?

API conversion issues when changing providers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does cloud computing offer in terms of document access?

Universal document access from anywhere (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a challenge associated with cloud computing?

Concerns about security and privacy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the elastic nature of cloud computing primarily facilitate?

Rapid scalability and load sharing (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does Amazon's storage service pricing structure encourage users?

Pay for what you use (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of dependence on major cloud providers?

Return to mainframe-like monopolies (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Wide Area Networking (WAN) Architectures

Circuit-switched networks create dedicated circuits for communication, no need for routing addresses.
Packet-switched networks send data in packets, which may take different paths to reach the destination.
Connectionless service requires packet addresses in each packet; switches make routing decisions based on these.
The global address uniquely identifies the ultimate destination of each packet.
IEEE 802.2 LLC standards support both Connectionless and Connection-oriented protocols in Local Area Networks (LANs).

WAN Switching

Packets in a packet-switched network may arrive out of order, requiring reassembly at the destination.
Datagrams are self-sufficient packets containing full address information and a message segment.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) provides predictable and consistent transmission, ideal for real-time services.
T-carrier services (T-1, T-3) and Fiber Optic connections are used to access the ATM core.

ATM Adaptive Layers (AALs)

AAL-1: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for voice (Time Division Multiplexing).
AAL-2: Connection-oriented, fixed delay, suitable for compressed video.
AAL-3/4: Connectionless, variable delay, less popular for multimedia.
AAL-5: Connection-oriented, minimum fixed delay, widely used for multimedia applications; replaces AAL-3/4.

Cloud Computing Overview

Cloud computing encompasses network-based services over the Internet; has evolved since the late 1980s.
The 1950s saw mainframe computers enabling multiple users through thin clients.
John McCarthy proposed the concept of computing as a utility in the 1960s.
The 1990s introduced Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and a shift to utility-based access to resources.
Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) in 2006, promoting cloud computing capabilities.

Cloud Computing Characteristics

Remotely hosted services accessible anywhere, akin to utility services (pay-per-use model).
Enabled by low-cost, high-speed Internet, affordable memory storage, and multi-processing capabilities.
Application Program Interfaces (APIs) allow different cloud services to communicate and exchange information.

Advantages and Benefits

Lower costs for applications and services compared to purchasing hardware/software.
Mobile accessibility eliminates the need for expensive personal devices.
Cloud applications enable small businesses to share resources and reduce LAN maintenance costs.

Security and Concerns

Transitioning applications to the cloud may require significant adjustments, including APIs and IP addressing.
Security is a key concern; providers offer VPN and private cloud services to enhance data safety.
Concerns include lack of standardized APIs, privacy issues, data control, and challenges when switching providers.

Cloud Computing Layers

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Offers virtualized computing resources.
PaaS (Platform as a Service): Provides a platform allowing clients to develop, run, and manage applications.
SaaS (Software as a Service): Software applications available via the Internet.

Elastic Computing

Elastic computing adapts resource allocation to current demands, helping organizations avoid unused capacity costs.
Amazon’s EC2 and S3 are prominent examples of elastic computing solutions, featuring pay-as-you-go pricing.

Commercial Cloud Offerings

Cloud-sourcing enables access to services and resources anytime, anywhere, with quick scalability.
Potential drawbacks include dependency on major providers, data privacy issues, and the intricacies of interoperability among services.

Challenges in Cloud Computing

Heavy reliance on large technology companies could lead to monopolies.
Security and data ownership questions remain, with ongoing efforts to improve these aspects through VPNs and private cloud options.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the principles of Wide Area Networking (WAN) architectures, including circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. This quiz covers key concepts such as routing, packet addressing, and standards like IEEE 802.2. Challenge yourself with questions on WAN switching and technologies such as ATM and T-carrier services.