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What role do neurotransmitters play in chemical synapses?

They prevent the transmission of signals between neurons.

They act on receptors to excite, inhibit, or modify sensitivity of the next neuron. (correct)

They generate electrical signals independently of neurons.

They facilitate communication via gap junctions between neurons.

Which of the following statements is true about electrical synapses?

They are the most common type of synapse in the central nervous system.

They allow for unidirectional transmission of signals.

They enable synchronous firing of interconnected neurons. (correct)

They predominantly use neurotransmitters for communication.

In a chemical synapse, where does the axon of a neuron typically terminate?

On the myelin sheath of another neuron.

At the synaptic cleft without making contact.

At gap junctions between two membranes.

On dendrites, soma, or axons of another neuron. (correct)

Which functional type of synapse is characterized by gap junctions that allow direct ion flow between neurons?

Electrical synapses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a role associated with electrical synapses?

Synthesis of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of chemical synapses?

They involve neurotransmitter release for unidirectional signal transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Which areas are known for having electrical synapses?

Retina, hippocampal neurons, and thalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse allows for modifications in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic neuron?

Chemical synapses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of NMDA receptors in the brain?

Facilitating long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which co-agonist is essential for NMDA receptor activation?

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

What ion is primarily blocked from entering NMDA receptors at normal membrane potentials?

Mg2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is NOT classified as a metabotropic receptor?

AMPA receptor Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with hypo function of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus?

Schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of metabotropic receptors?

They use second messengers to activate biochemical cascades. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excess glutamate activity?

Some types of epileptic seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain has a high concentration of glutamate receptors?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary amino acid from which catecholamines are synthesized?

Phenylalanine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is the chemical transmitter of all sympathetic postganglionic fibers except at certain sites?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla is adrenaline?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adrenergic receptor is primarily found on cardiac muscle cells?

β1 Signup and view all the answers

Where are noradrenergic neurons primarily located in the brain?

Locus coeruleus Signup and view all the answers

What role does the locus coeruleus play in the body's response to stimuli?

Activates the Reticular Activating System (RAS) Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor type is found on smooth muscle cells including those in blood vessels?

β2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a site for norepinephrine release in the PNS?

Sweat glands Signup and view all the answers

What are the main cholinergic receptors mentioned?

Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter loss is primarily associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What causes synaptic fatigue?

Exhaustion of neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

Which drug mechanism is primarily used to treat Alzheimer's disease?

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT responsible for terminating neurotransmitter action?

Inhibition of receptor binding Signup and view all the answers

What effect does damage to acetylcholine producing cells in the basal forebrain have?

Bipolar disorder and mood swings Signup and view all the answers

What role do agonists play in neurotransmitter action?

They evoke the same response as neurotransmitters. Signup and view all the answers

Nicotinic receptors are particularly associated with which physiological junction?

Neuromuscular junction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the reduced reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Enhanced synaptic transmission Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors classified as?

Ionotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about neuronal pools is accurate?

Neuronal pools can be both localized and distributed across the CNS. Signup and view all the answers

Which cholinergic receptors can be activated by muscarine?

Muscarinic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What does convergence in neuronal circuits refer to?

Signals from multiple inputs converging to excite or inhibit a single neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor structure?

It is a ligand-gated ion channel Signup and view all the answers

How does increased neurotransmitter release affect synaptic effectiveness?

It enhances the strength of synaptic transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect does reduced degradation of neurotransmitters have on synaptic activity?

It leads to neurotransmitter accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in chemical synapses?

Which of the following statements is true about electrical synapses?

In a chemical synapse, where does the axon of a neuron typically terminate?

Which functional type of synapse is characterized by gap junctions that allow direct ion flow between neurons?

Which of the following is not a role associated with electrical synapses?

What is a key characteristic of chemical synapses?

Which areas are known for having electrical synapses?

Which type of synapse allows for modifications in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic neuron?

What is the primary role of NMDA receptors in the brain?

Which co-agonist is essential for NMDA receptor activation?

What ion is primarily blocked from entering NMDA receptors at normal membrane potentials?

Which type of receptor is NOT classified as a metabotropic receptor?

What condition is associated with hypo function of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus?

Which of the following describes the role of metabotropic receptors?

What is a consequence of excess glutamate activity?

Which part of the brain has a high concentration of glutamate receptors?

What is the primary amino acid from which catecholamines are synthesized?

Which neurotransmitter is the chemical transmitter of all sympathetic postganglionic fibers except at certain sites?

What percentage of catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla is adrenaline?

Which type of adrenergic receptor is primarily found on cardiac muscle cells?

Where are noradrenergic neurons primarily located in the brain?

What role does the locus coeruleus play in the body's response to stimuli?

Which adrenergic receptor type is found on smooth muscle cells including those in blood vessels?

Which of the following is NOT a site for norepinephrine release in the PNS?

What are the main cholinergic receptors mentioned?

Which neurotransmitter loss is primarily associated with Alzheimer's disease?

What causes synaptic fatigue?

Which drug mechanism is primarily used to treat Alzheimer's disease?

Which mechanism is NOT responsible for terminating neurotransmitter action?

What effect does damage to acetylcholine producing cells in the basal forebrain have?

What role do agonists play in neurotransmitter action?

Nicotinic receptors are particularly associated with which physiological junction?

What is the primary consequence of the reduced reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse?

What type of receptors are Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors classified as?

Which statement about neuronal pools is accurate?

Which cholinergic receptors can be activated by muscarine?

What does convergence in neuronal circuits refer to?

What is a key characteristic of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor structure?

How does increased neurotransmitter release affect synaptic effectiveness?

What potential effect does reduced degradation of neurotransmitters have on synaptic activity?

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