White Blood Cells and Immunity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are white blood cells called?

Leukocytes

Which of the following are types of granulocytes? (Select all that apply)

  • Eosinophils (correct)
  • Basophils (correct)
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils (correct)

    • Describe the process of leucopoiesis.

    Leucopoiesis is the process of development and maturation of white blood cells.

    What are the two primary stages of leucopoiesis?

    <p>Granulopoiesis and Lymphopoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myeloid series involve the development only of monocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main mechanisms that regulate leucopoiesis?

    <p>Products of dead and dying white cells, colony stimulating factors, and interleukins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following white blood cells have a lifespan of 4-8 hours circulating in the blood?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical diameter of a neutrophil?

    <p>10-14 μm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil.

    <p>Multilobed (2-6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophil cytoplasm is typically a pale blue color with fine granules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are lysosomal in origin, containing only digestive enzymes

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of neutrophils? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis?

    <p>The process of engulfment and destruction of solid particulate material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'margination' refer to in phagocytosis?

    <p>The attachment of neutrophils to the capillary endothelium in the area of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'diapedesis' refer to in phagocytosis?

    <p>The movement of neutrophils through the junction between endothelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe chemotaxis in phagocytosis.

    <p>Chemotaxis is the attraction of neutrophils towards bacteria at the site of inflammation, mediated by chemokines such as leukotrienes and cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of opsonins in phagocytosis.

    <p>Opsonins coat bacteria, making them more susceptible to phagocytosis by neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pseudopodia in phagocytosis?

    <p>They help the neutrophil to engulf bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what happens during the degradation stage of phagocytosis.

    <p>Neutrophils release bactericidal agents, such as superoxide anion, which kill bacteria through oxygen-dependent mechanisms. Oxygen-independent mechanisms involve the release of lysosomal hydrolases, lactoferrin, and defensins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical diameter of an eosinophil?

    <p>10-14 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the nucleus of an eosinophil.

    <p>Bilobed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophil granules are fine and take up both acidic and basic stains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about eosinophils is true?

    <p>They are important for fighting parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils have a high phagocytic activity

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eosinophil cationic protein?

    <p>It is a major destroyer of helminths, a type of parasitic worm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are known for their large, well-defined granules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a role of basophils?

    <p>Involved in allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are responsible for the release of heparin, which prevents blood clotting.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical diameter of a monocyte?

    <p>12-20 μm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the nucleus of a monocyte.

    <p>Large, single, and eccentric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes have a cytoplasm that is usually filled with granules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of monocytes?

    <p>To differentiate into macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes can kill tumor cells after sensitization by lymphocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes have a large cytoplasm with many granules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of lymphocytes?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what leucocytosis is.

    <p>Leucocytosis is an increase in the total number of white blood cells in the blood, typically above 11,000 per mm³.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leucopenia?

    <p>Leucopenia is a decrease in the total number of white blood cells in the blood, typically below 4,000 per mm³.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of immature white blood cells in a patient's blood is a characteristic feature of leukemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    White Blood Cells (WBCs) and Immunity

    • WBCs are nucleated cells crucial for the body's defense mechanisms.

    Classification of WBCs

    • Granulocytes:
      • Neutrophils
      • Eosinophils
      • Basophils
    • Agranulocytes:
      • Monocytes
      • Lymphocytes

    Normal White Blood Cell Count

    • Total Leukocyte Count (TLC): 4,000-11,000 cells per cubic mm of blood.
    • Differential Leukocyte Count: Provides the percentage of each type of WBC. Normal ranges are:
      • Neutrophils: 40-60%
      • Lymphocytes: 20-40%
      • Monocytes: 2-8%
      • Eosinophils: 1-4%
      • Basophils: 0.5-1% (least present)

    Leucopoiesis

    • The process of WBC formation and maturation.
    • Granulopoiesis: Formation of granulocytes, originating in the bone marrow from CFU-GM. Includes myeloid series development of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Monocyte development also occurs in this series (monocyte-macrophage).
    • Lymphopoiesis: Formation of lymphocytes, with lymphocytic stem cells migrating to the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues to mature.

    Phagocytosis

    • Process of engulfing and destroying solid particles (e.g., bacteria).
    • Stages:
      • Chemotaxis: WBCs migrate towards the infection site, guided by chemical signals.
      • Opsonization: Bacteria are coated with proteins (opsonins), making them easier for WBCs to engulf.
      • Engulfment: WBCs extend pseudopodia to surround pathogens.
      • Phagolysosome formation: The engulfed pathogen combines with lysosome enzymes for destruction.
      • Degranulation and Degradation: Lysosomes release enzymes to break down the bacteria. Oxygen-dependent methods (e.g., superoxide anion) are also used, as well as oxygen-independent methods with components such as lysosomal hydrolases, lactoferrin and defensins.

    Types of WBCs: Detailed Morphology

    • Neutrophils:

      • Diameter: 10-14 μm
      • Nucleus: Multilobed (2-6 lobes)
      • Cytoplasm: Pale blue, with fine granules. Granules take up both acidic and basic stains. Lysosomal in origin

    • Eosinophils:

      • Diameter: 10-14 μm
      • Nucleus: Bilobed
      • Cytoplasm: Acidophilic (pink), with coarse granules. Granules contain proteins such as major basic protein.

    • Basophils:

      • Diameter: 10-14 μm
      • Nucleus: Irregular, bilobed or trilobed
      • Cytoplasm: Basophilic (blue), with coarse granules. Granules contain histamine and heparin.

    • Monocytes:

      • Diameter: 12-20 μm
      • Nucleus: Large, single, eccentric
      • Cytoplasm: Pale blue, usually without granules. Mature into macrophages in tissues.

    • Lymphocytes:

      • Large, 12-16 μm
      • Small, 7-10 μm
      • Nucleus: Large, round, single-ink spot appearance
      • Cytoplasm: Scanty, no granules
      • Classifications: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Natural Killer (NK) cells.

    Applied Aspects of WBCs

    • Leucocytosis: Increase in TLC (above 11,000 cells/mm³). Possible causes are physiological (exercise, food intake, or stress) or pathological (infection, inflammation, or trauma).
    • Leucopenia: Decrease in TLC (below 4,000 cells/mm³). Possible causes are infections like typhoid, bone marrow aplasia, or starvation. Conditions affecting specific WBC types exist (e.g., specific decrease in neutrophils).
    • Leukemia: A malignant disease of the blood, often associated with high WBC counts, presence of immature WBCs, and WBC values usually above 50,000 cells/mm³.

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    WBCs and Immunity PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on white blood cells (WBCs) and their role in immunity. This quiz will cover the classification of WBCs, normal white blood cell counts, and the processes of leucopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these vital components of the immune system!

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