What is History?

• Istoria is a Greek word that means learning
• Geschichte is a German word that means "that which has happened"
• Studying history allows learning from past feats and defeats
• History is based on reliable sources and is something that has already happened

Aristotle's View of History

• Aristotle defines history as a systematic account of natural phenomena, whether chronologically ordered or not
• The Latin word "scientia," meaning science, was later used for non-chronological systematic accounts
• Zeus Salazar defines history as a meaningful narrative for a group of people with their own identity, based on their language and culture

Modern Definition of History

• "History" refers to the "past of mankind" and the study of past events, especially in human affairs
• History cannot be fully reconstructed because much of the past is beyond recall and memories cannot perfectly recreate it
• Historians aim to reconstruct the total past of mankind, but this goal is unattainable
• Evidence is fragmented, incomplete, and often contradictory, influencing historians' conclusions based on selection and interpretation
• Herodotus is known as The Father of History

Language and Perspective

• Kasaysayan refers to narratives meaningful to the storytellers and is understood by all, with the language used is one that can be understood by all
• Pantayong Pananaw, by Dr. Zeus Salazar, includes Dr. Jose Rizal writing in Spanish, which only the Spanish-speaking people could understand

Oldest Document and Models of History

• The Laguna Copper Plate serves as a receipt, confirming the completion of a debt payment
• Linear Model: This model is also called providential or fatalistic
• Cyclical Model: History repeats itself
• Spiral Model: This model criticizes the cyclical model because history has similarities but doesn't repeat as much

Historical Method

• Historical Method involves critically examining and analyzing records and survivals of the past and cannot solely rely on witness testimony
• Objective study requires acquiring detached, truthful knowledge independent of personal reactions, treating the subject as an object with independent resistance
• Most of history relies on the human mind, based on recollection (written or spoken)

Reconstruction Limitations

• Reconstruction involves a part of what was observed is remembered, a part of what was remembered is recorded, a part of what was recorded survives, and a part of what survived comes to the historian's attention
• Only a portion of credible information is grasped and expounded by the historian

Historical Sources

• Historical sources include objects from the past or testimony that historians use to depict the past

Historical Sources: According to Form

• Written Sources: Published materials like books and journals, as well as handwritten manuscripts, archival materials, and memoirs
• Oral Sources: Oral/non-written sources include oral histories, artifacts, fossils, and recorded interviews, along with folk tales, legends, and myths

Historical Sources: According to Origin

• Primary Sources: Contain raw information that hasn't been altered or augmented
• Information given by someone present during the event. (News articles, photos, audio recordings, works of art, artifacts, and documents produced during the time under study
• Secondary Sources: It interpret and analyze primary sources removed from the event, such as textbooks
• Examples are bibliographies, commentaries, annotations, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and journal articles.

Historical Criticism

• External Criticism: Assesses the authenticity of a source, covering physical aspects, surface understanding, and provenance, which determines origin
• Internal Criticism: Examines the credibility of a source
• Meaning is derived from the context of the source with Corrolation that matches what the person says

Kinds of Primary Sources

• Primary sources include records of social and cultural observations and Chronicles
• Other primary resources include human fossils (ancient remains), artifacts (cultural evidence), records of detective investigations, Royal Decrees and Laws, official reports, maps, memoirs or autobiographies, personal accounts of interviews, newspapers and magazines: reports of correspondents, legislative journals, and court records

Repositories of Primary Sources (Philippines)

• National Archives
• National Library
• National Museum
• National Historical Commission
• UP Diliman Main Library
• Ateneo De Manila University Rizal Library
• Archives of UST
• Archdiocesan Archives of Manila
• Historical Collection of US Embassy
• SIL Philippines
• Manila Observatory Archives
• De La Salle University Library

Repositories of Primary Sources (Spain)

• Archive General de Indias (Seville)
• Museo Naval De Madrid
• Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid)
• Portal de Archivo de Españoles (PARES) which is an online free library

Repositories of Primary Sources (UK)

• British Museum
• José Rizal researched where British occupied the Philippines in 1762-1764
• U.S National Archives and Records Service
• Library of Congress
• Lilly Library
• Ayer Collection of Newberry Library
• Harvard University Library
• Stanford University Library
• University of Michigan

Comparing Primary & Secondary Sources

• Santiago Alvarez: A revolutionary general and founder and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party and also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as commander of Cavite's battles
• Teodoro Agoncillo: A historian promoted a distinctly nationalist view of Filipino history

Prehispanic Source Materials

• Robert Fox: An anthropologist and historian who focusing mainly on the caves and rock shelters of Lipuun Point that delivered the only Pleistocene human fossils found in the Philippines.
• William Henry Scott: A historian of the Gran Cordillera Central and Prehispanic Philippines

Primary Source: Katipunan and the Revolution

• The Tejeros Convention convened on March 25, 1897, to unite the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions
• Jacinto Lumbreras opened the assembly and announced discussion on bolstering defenses in Magdiwang-controlled areas
• Problems include what government to establish and strengthening defenses
• Lumbreras explained that "K" in the Katipunan flag represented Kalayaan
• Severino De La Alas said the letter "K" and the sun do not indicate whether government was democratic

Captain General Apoy's Reaction

• Captain General Apoy was angered by Mr. Antonio Montenegro's statement
• Montenegro said revolutionaries would be like bandits or mindless animals
• Montenegro was detained when Capt. Gen Apoy ordered arrest, but Dr. Jose Rizal helped him to be released

Tejeros Convention Election

• Sec. Lumbreras elected Supremo because he known as a Father of the organization while Bonifacio said the proposal chair should have a proper election for positions such as President, VP, Minister of Finance, Minister of Welfare, Minister of Justice, and Captain General
• Aguinaldo and Supremo were elected when Mr. Daniel Tirona distributed pieces of paper to serve as ballots
• Mr. Diego Mojica warned Supremo that ballots were already filled, but he ignored the warning

Elected Officers

• President: Emilio Aguinaldo
• Vice President: Mariano Trias
• Captain General: Gen. Apoy
• Secretary of War: Emiliano R. De Dios
• Secretary of Interior: Jose Del Rosario

Aftermath of Tejeros Convention

• The aftermath of the Tejeros Convention included Supremo announcing the election as null and void
• Magdalo Pres. Aguinaldo requested meeting to revalidate, but Magdalo Factions never came
• March 27, 1897 revealed Magdalo took their meeting at the Tanza Parish

Two Factions

• Magdiwang: Jacinto Lumbreras, Andres Bonifacio, Mariano M. Alvarez, Pascual Alvarez, Arizton Villanueva, Mariano C. Trias, Diego Mojica, Emiliano R. De Dios and Santiago Rillo
• Magdalo: Msesrs. Boldmero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano Topacio

Secondary Source: Revolt of the Masses, the story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan

• Mariano Alvarez - President
• Pascual Alvarez – Executive Secretary
• Emiliano Riego De Dios - Minister of the Interior

Official Cabinet of the Tejeros Revolutionary Government

• President: Emilio Aguinaldo. Political Affiliation: Magdalo
• Vice President: Mariano Trias. Political Affiliation: Magdiwang
• Captain General: Artemio Ricarte. Political Affiliation: Magdiwang
• Director of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios. Political Affiliation: Magdiwang
• Director of State: Jacinto Lumbreras. Political Affiliation: Magdiwang
• Director of Finance: Baldomero Aguinaldo. Political Affiliation: Magdalo
• Director of Welfare: Mariano Alvarez. Political Affiliation: Magdiwang
• Director of Justice: Severino delas Alas. Political Affiliation: Magdiwang.
• Director of Interior: Pascual Alvarez. Political Affiliation: Magdiwang.

The Tejeros Convention Story

• The leaders of the Magdiwang planned to hold another convention. They set a time in the time in Tejeros
• The assembly convened at Tejeros Estate house, surrounded by stone walls and built in the middle of the six-hectare farm owned by friars
• The Magdiwang was represented by Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Alvarez, Pascual Alvarez, Santiago Alvarez, Luciano San Miguel, Mariano Trias, Severino de las Alas, Santos Nocon, and others
• The Magdalo was represented by Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano Topacio, Antonio Montenegro, and others
• The meeting was formally opened by Jacinto Lumbreras, president of the Magdiwang, who gave introductory remarks

Disagreement and Arguments

• Antonio Montenegro took issue with Bonifacio, saying the rebels would be likened to highway robbers or animals without reason
• Santiago Alvarez retaliated saying he recognize the Government organized by the Sons of The People
• Lumbaras sensed explosive situation and called for hour of recess

Bonifacio Takes Over

• Bonifacio took over the meeting and said as you desire to set up over all government of the revolution he will be the leader.
• With regards to setting up over the new form of government, the elections were prepared to take place

Bonifacio's reminder before election

• Bonifacio made reminder that all the electors should be recognized and respected regardless of his social condition and education.

Election Results

• The election commenced for the purpose of President: Emilio Aguinaldo (Andres Bonifacio & Mariano Trias
• Vice President: Mariano Trias (Andres Bonifacio, Severino De las Alas & Mariano Alvarez)
• Captain General: Artemio Ricarte & Santiago Alvarez
• Director of War: Emiliano Rigeo de Dios, Ariston Villanueva, Daniel Tirona and Santiago Alvarez
• Director of Interior: Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Alvarez and Pascual Alvarez

Controversy and Bonifacio's Reaction

• Daniel Tirona stated the need to protest as person without's a lawyer should not occupy that role
• Bonifacio claimed the assembly dissolved and everything was resolved
• It was watered by Daniel Tirona, who belonged to the opposite faction

Bonifacio's Letter

• Our recently ended election at Mapagtiis because poison to my heart
• Also stated majority in the convention determined to organize a government, and I gave them to under stand it could not be done

The Tabon Caves

• Excavated in June and July 1962
• Fossils of at least three individuals were excavated
• These fossil bones were recovered

Tabon Man

• The find represent more than just one individual.
• Tabon Man may be dated from 22,000 to 24,000 years. Ago

Tabon Cave

• Appears to be a kind of little Stone Age factory:
• Skullcap belonged to modern man that is Homo Sapiens
• Physical type the anthropologists call Mongoloid or Southern Mongoloid
• The earliest human skull remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skullcap and jawbone

Antonio Pigafetta

• Pigafetta was born on the closing year of 15th century
• Lived in Vicenza, a town about a hundred kilometers west of Venice, Italy
• Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography.
• Accompanied Monsignor Chiericati to Spain in 1519
• Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in the famous expedition to Moluccas
• Chronical Magellan’s voyage around the world and acting like his assistant
• Magellan acquired Enrique as a slave at Malacca
• Magellan’s crew crossed the International Dateline

Pigafetta: First Voyage

• Pigafetta wrote The First Voyage Around The world during an expedition that was lead by Ferdinand Magellan
• Spanish Fleet that was lead by Ferdinand Magellan called Armada de Molucca
• Expedition started in August 10, 1519
• Magellan was the first one to discovered the pacific ocean

Timeline: Magellan Expedition

• March 17, 1521 (originally March 16): Arrival in Zamal (Samar at present)
• April 1, 1521 (originally March 31): First mass in the Philippines was held in Mazaua (Limasawa)

First mass in the Philippines

• It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu (Rajah Kolambu), Raia Siaui (Rajah Siagu), Spanish voyagers, and the local islanders
• The "king" of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them but, Magellan refused and threatened him war
• A mass was held with Raia Humabon and his people attending the ceremony and there were 800 souls were baptized
• April 27, 1521: According to Zula, wanted to fight. Cilapulapu did not pay.

Magellan's Death

• At the age of 60 Magellan's men set out armed with corselets and helmets, Christian king
• Shot the captain through the right leg with a poisoned arrow, knocked his helmet off his head twice,
• 8 of Magellan's men were killed, 4 Indians were killed by mortars
• Of Cilapulapu's men, only 15 were killed

Important Information from the Document

• Gave the lifestyle of Local islanders back then
• The journal is only known document about Lapu and Lapu
• Was a vital piece of history

Customs of the Tagalogs

• Juan de Plasencia was one of the first missionaries

Customs of the Tagalogs Caste

• Maharlikas (Nobles)- Free-born by exempt of taxes
• Aliping namamahay (Commoners)- can owned a land and house
• Aliping sa guiguilir (Sa guiguilid)- can be sole or trade

Custom of the Tagalog Relation to Worship

• In all of the villages there were no temples.
• Badhala: especially worshipped
• Dian Masalanta- who was patron of lowers
• Cotolonan: Officiating priest

Priest of Devils

• Mangagauay: witches
• Manyisalat: same as magagauay.
• Mancocolam: whose duty to emit fire
• Hocloban: Without the use of medicine,
• Silagan: if they saw white they tear and eat Magtatangal: showing himself many at night
• Osuang: equivalent to sorcerer; Manggagayoma: They made charms
• Sonat: to help one

Burrying the Dead

• Negritos buried in a deep hole
• Maga- another life or rest.

Katilla ng Katipunan

• Serves members
• Was edited by Andres Bonifacio and will later penned that have new full understanding and knowledge
• Was pen down a revised

Mga aral

• A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause is without a shade
• A deed that is motivated self pit
• True piety is the act of being charitable We equal regardless and equal state no matter what

Apilino Mainbi

• He serve first as a legal and constitation
• Is called the brain of the government Aguibaldo ask Mabini for guidance "Declaration of independence" Aguibaldo accepted because he want to returns