What is History?

• The origin of the word "history" is Greek.
• In ancient Greek, the word ἱστορία (is.to'ri.a) means inquiry or learning through research.
• Etymology is the study of the origin of words and how their meanings have changed over time.
• Herodotus is considered the "Father of History".
• The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the first known written document in Philippine history.
• The study of history primarily relies on written records.
• According to Robin George Collingwood, history should be studied by re-enacting the past in one's mind.
• Edward Hawlett Carr argued that history is a continuous interaction between historian and facts.
• The Filipino term "kasaysayan" is derived from "saysay" which means meaning or significance.
• Zeus A. Salazar defined "kasaysayan" as a narrative of past events significant to one's own society.
• The Laguna Copperplate Inscription was discovered in Lumban, Laguna.
• According to Louis R. Gottschalk, only a part of what was observed and remembered is recorded.
• It is important to understand history to understand the causes and events that shaped the present.
• According to Jose Rizal, to foretell a nation's destiny, one must open the book that tells her past.
• Forgetting the past is NOT a reason why history is important.
• History provides a sense of identity by teaching about origins and heritage.
• Michael Crichton emphasized that without history, a person is like a leaf that doesn't know it is part of a tree.
• History develops critical thinking skills by analyzing information and detecting biases.
• Periodization is a historical approach that classifies the past according to blocks of time.
• Political History focuses on politics and governance in the past.
• History based on Geographical Locations studies events in specific places.
• Archeology contributes to history by studying material remains of past human life and activities.
• Jose Rizal said, "The more you know about the past, the better prepared you are for the future".
• Historiography is the study of how historians write and interpret history.
• In China, historiography is traditionally based on dynastic cycles.
• Marxist historiography is primarily concerned with class struggles and economic conditions.
• Religion, culture, and political ideologies all influence historiography.
• The historical method is the process of examining and analyzing past records for authenticity and credibility.
• Historians must be careful in making generalizations to avoid basing them on inconclusive and inadequate sources.
• Primary sources are created by direct participants or witnesses of an event.
• Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.
• Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier defined sources as “artifacts that have been left by the past".
• Sources are considered the lifeblood of history because they provide the evidence needed to write reliable accounts of the past.
• The main purpose of source criticism in historical research is to test the genuineness and credibility of a source.
• External criticism involves checking the physical attributes of a document.
• Internal criticism focuses on the accuracy and credibility of the content when evaluating a historical source.
• "What is the state of the document when found?" is a question typically asked in external criticism.
• In internal criticism, the credibility of the author is assessed by asking, "Who produced the source?"
• The National Library of the Philippines is known for preserving manuscripts of Jose Rizal's novels.
• The National Archives of the Philippines primarily serves as a repository for primary sources of Philippine history.
• One of the key functions of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines is to promote Philippine history and cultural heritage.
• Content analysis is primarily concerned with evaluating the reliability of historical information.
• Internal criticism examines the accuracy of statements made in the document.
• The National Museum of the Philippines focuses on the conservation of cultural properties.
• The National Historical Commission of the Philippines is responsible for the preservation of historical landmarks in the Philippines.
• Evaluating if statements within a document align with known historical facts is part of internal criticism.
• A point of view is a belief or opinion based on prior knowledge and experience.
• Understanding the point of view in history is referred to as historical perspective.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny is used as an example of differing historical perspectives.
• Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were executed as a result of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny.
• Sgt. Fernando La Madrid led the uprising at the Cavite Arsenal in 1872.
• According to the Spanish version, the purpose of the Cavite Mutiny was an attempt to overthrow the Spanish government.
• The Filipino perspective of the Cavite Mutiny views it as a protest against the abolition of privileges.
• Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera wrote the Filipino version of the Cavite Mutiny.
• The Philippine Revolution of 1896 was inspired by the execution of GOMBURZA.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny inspired Jose Rizal to write El Filibusterismo.
• The term "historical perspective" helps us understand the context and motives of people in the past.
• It is important to have broad knowledge of a historical issue to strengthen arguments and evaluate differing points of view.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny contributed to the grand narrative of Philippine history by paving the way to the 1898 Philippine Independence.
• According to Seixas and Morton, historical perspective involves seeing through the eyes of people who lived in different times.
• The goal of historical perspective is to increase understanding of the present and future by learning from the past.
• Understanding the Industrial Revolution as a response to economic and social conditions of its time is an example of using historical perspective.
• Without historical perspective, the Industrial Revolution might be misunderstood as a simple event without cause-and-effect relationships.
• In historical perspective, "presentism" is judging past events by today's standards.
• Ignoring Differences Between Past and Present is NOT part of the historical perspective process.
• Identifying the historical context, including time period and cultural norms, is the first step in analyzing historical perspective.
• The importance of historical context in analyzing historical events is to understand what motivated people's actions.
• Historical context includes social, religious, economic, and political conditions.
• Rizal's retraction controversy is highlighted as a contentious topic.
• Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. discovered the alleged "original" text of Rizal's retraction.
• The "original" text of Rizal's retraction was discovered in 1935.
• Fr. Balaguer Llacer, S.J. was the primary eyewitness who claimed to have secured Rizal's retraction.
• De La Imitacion de Cristo is allegedly the book that Rizal gave to Josephine Bracken.
• Cross is the symbol mentioned in Rizal's final writings significant to Christianity.
• León María Guerrero III, Nick Joaquin, Gregorio Zaide, and Ambeth Ocampo affirmed the authenticity of the retraction.
• Austin Coates strongly opposed the authenticity of the retraction?
• It was unconfessed and unrepentant that was questionable about Rizal's burial.
• Lack of witnesses from Rizal's family caused doubts concerning the authenticity of the marriage.
• The Rizal retraction controversy is significant in Philippine history because it influences the perception of Rizal's character.
• When analyzing Rizal's retraction, historical context helps to understand the urgency and impact of the event.
• Historical context refers to the environment that influences events, ideas, and perspectives during a specific period.
• Historical context is vital because it provides deeper meaning and helps avoid anachronistic interpretations.
• Personal Feelings is NOT an element of historical context.
• The political context refers to government structures, policies, and power dynamics in historical analysis.
• Galleon Trade demonstrated the impact of economic context on Philippine society.
• There are four different versions of the retraction text, challenging the authenticity of Rizal's retraction document.
• Filipino customs and traditions impacting nationalist movements is an example of social and cultural context influencing history.
• Spanish colonial government decrees and laws would be the most relevant primary source to study the political context of Rizal's time.
• Dependency on Spain and transformation of Manila into a trade hub best describes the economic context of the Philippines during the Galleon Trade.
• Understanding historical context is essential in analyzing primary and secondary sources because it allows for more objective and accurate interpretations.

Source Type Identification

• P1. Kartilya ng Katipunan written by Emilio Jacinto
• S 2. A history textbook discussing the Philippine Revolution
• P 3. Jose Rizal's original manuscript of Noli Me Tangere
• S 4. A modern documentary about the Spanish colonization of the Philippines
• P 5. A newspaper article from 1898 reporting Aguinaldo's declaration of independence
• S 6. A YouTube lecture analyzing the impact of Martial Law
• P 7. A letter written by Apolinario Mabini during the Philippine-American War
• S 8. A biography of Andres Bonifacio written in 2005
• P 9. A painting by Juan Luna (e.g., Spoliarium)
• S 10. An academic journal article interpreting the legacy of the Malolos Congress
• P 11. Tejeros Convention minutes recorded in 1897
• S 12. A 2022 editorial reflecting on the EDSA People Power Revolution
• P 13. A Katipunan flag displayed in a museum
• S 14. A Filipino historian's book analyzing the impact of World War II in the Philippines
• P 15. A personal diary entry of a soldier from World War II
• S 16. A textbook chapter explaining the causes of the 1896 Philippine Revolution
• P 17. A map of the Philippines drawn by the Spaniards in the 16th century
• S 18. A documentary film about the life of Gabriela Silang
• P 19. A live radio broadcast from 1986 reporting the EDSA Revolution
• S 20. A scholarly essay interpreting Jose Rizal's El Filibusterismo
• P 21. The official Treaty of Paris (1898) that ended the Spanish-American War
• S 22. A research paper analyzing pre-colonial Philippine societies
• P 23. A Philippine government proclamation declaring Martial Law in 1972
• S 24. A college professor's lecture on the history of the First Philippine Republic
• P 25. A traditional Filipino epic written down by Spanish missionaries
• P 26. A news article from 1941 reporting the Japanese invasion of the Philippines
• S 27. An annotated bibliography of Philippine historical studies
• P 28. A recorded speech of President Manuel Quezon during the Commonwealth era
• S 29. A historian's analysis of the events leading to the Cry of Pugad Lawin
• P30. A Spanish friar's written account describing early Filipino customs (from the 1600s)
• S31. A movie based on the Battle of Mactan
• P32. A transcript of Emilio Aguinaldo's speech upon proclaiming Philippine independence
• S33. A research study discussing the economic effects of Spanish rule
• P34. An original copy of the 1935 Philippine Constitution
• S 35. A textbook's summary of the Spanish encomienda system
• P36. A recorded interview of a World War II survivor
• S37. A recent blog post analyzing Lapu-Lapu's resistance against Magellan
• P38. A photograph of the Balangiga Bells from the early 1900s
• S 39. A master's thesis about indigenous resistance against colonization
• P40. A scanned version of a 19th-century newspaper published in the Philippines