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Questions and Answers

What marks the end of the detail design phase in aircraft development?

  • The final approval by regulatory bodies
  • The manufacture of prototype aircraft (correct)
  • The certification of the aircraft
  • The development of design modifications

Which organization is responsible for regulating international air travel?

  • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (correct)
  • European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
  • National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

What is one of the key responsibilities of the International Civil Aviation Organization?

  • Conducting safety investigations
  • Designing aircraft prototypes
  • Developing commercial aircraft
  • Administering aviation policies and standards (correct)

What does SARPs stand for in the context of aviation regulations?

<p>Standards and Recommended Practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event set the foundational principles for international civil aviation?

<p>The Chicago Convention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As of 2016, how many contracting states were members of ICAO?

<p>Nearly 200 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do PANS stand for in the context of international aviation?

<p>Procedures for Air Navigation Services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ICAO's role in aviation safety?

<p>To coordinate international aviation policies and set safety standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when weight growth factors exceed 10 during aircraft design?

<p>Potential for a spiraling design weight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the preliminary design phase involve after establishing an aircraft conceptual layout?

<p>Drafting of a new aircraft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of aircraft design, what is meant by parametric studies?

<p>Correlations between varying design parameters and performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is optimisation based on minimum weight considered acceptable in aircraft design?

<p>It closely relates to the construction and operating costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of analyses are necessary to ensure the validity of assumptions in aircraft design?

<p>Calibration through referee designs and detailed studies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using sophisticated analysis techniques in aircraft design?

<p>To explore a larger range of parameters for optimization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does sensitivity analysis play in the aircraft design process?

<p>It assesses performance changes due to parameter variations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if the assumptions regarding aerodynamics and propulsion efficiency are found to be invalid?

<p>Redesigning may become necessary due to performance issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author wrote 'Introduction to aircraft design'?

<p>Fielding, J.P. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum seating capacity for Level 1 aircraft under the new certification classification?

<p>0 to 1 passengers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the book 'Aircraft conceptual design synthesis'?

<p>Conceptual design strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which book is part of the AIAA Education Series?

<p>Fundamentals of aircraft and airship design (C), Aircraft design: A conceptual approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Preliminary Design Phase in aircraft development?

<p>To develop the design to a point where detail design can start. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category is used to classify aircraft with a VNO or VMO greater than 250 KCAS?

<p>High-speed category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term MMO refer to in the context of aircraft performance?

<p>Max Mach Operating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is NOT typically performed during the Preliminary Design Phase?

<p>Finalization of the aircraft’s marketing strategy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which book focuses on layout design of the cockpit, fuselage, wing, and empennage?

<p>Airplane design part III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial input is determined from the inboard profile of the aircraft?

<p>Weight and balance for flight safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was 'Civil jet aircraft design' published?

<p>1999 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document is issued by the FAA for guidance on compliance with regulations?

<p>Advisory Circular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following specializes in airplane cost estimation?

<p>Airplane design part VIII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which categories of aircraft are transitioned under the new CS-23 certification specification?

<p>Normal-category aeroplanes with various performance levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used for flow visualization and aerodynamic analysis during this phase?

<p>Wind tunnel testing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many person-hours might the Preliminary Design Phase require for complex aircraft?

<p>Over 500,000 person-hours. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the major revision of FAR Part 23 in 2016?

<p>To simplify the certification process for high-performance aircraft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which book focuses on preliminary sizing of airplanes?

<p>Airplane design part I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the aircraft does the preliminary design work primarily involve specialists in?

<p>Multi-disciplinary areas including structures, propulsion, and systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for uncertified aircraft to receive a permit to fly?

<p>They must meet a specific set of requirements and conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who authored the book 'Introduction to aeronautics: A design perspective'?

<p>Brandt, S.A. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of lofting in aircraft design specifically refer to?

<p>Creating a mathematical definition of the aircraft's exterior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of documents do European authorities issue for compliance guidance?

<p>Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration during the detail design phase to minimize impacts on the aircraft?

<p>Evaluating all critical aspects simultaneously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the specific air range (ra) represent in terms of aircraft efficiency?

<p>A measure of aerodynamic cruise efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a term constituting the specific air range (SAR)?

<p>Distance traveled by the aircraft. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increasing which term would directly improve the specific air range (SAR) of an aircraft?

<p>Lift-to-drag ratio. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology could help to improve the aerodynamic term in the specific air range equation?

<p>Hybrid laminar flow control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) in calculating specific air range?

<p>It represents the fuel efficiency of the powerplant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter can affect the instantaneous weight (W) of an aircraft?

<p>Payload and fuel quantity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) imply for aircraft performance?

<p>Better aerodynamic efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can reducing structural airframe weight benefit an aircraft's efficiency?

<p>It helps in reducing fuel consumption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Specific Air Range (ra)

A measure of aerodynamic cruise efficiency, calculated as the product of the speed of sound, Mach number, lift-to-drag ratio, and inversely proportional to the thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC), relative temperature and aircraft weight.

Aerodynamic term

In specific air range calculation, the product of Mach number and lift-to-drag ratio (M(L/D)).

Powerplant term

In calculating specific air range, the corrected thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) divided by the relative temperature (c/θ).

Lift-to-drag ratio (L/D)

A measure of an aircraft's aerodynamic efficiency; the ratio of lift to drag.

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Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (TSFC)

A measure of the fuel efficiency of an aircraft engine, expressed as the rate at which fuel is consumed to produce a unit of thrust.

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Mach number

The ratio of an aircraft’s speed to the speed of sound.

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Aircraft weight (W)

The aircraft's total weight, including the structure, payload, and fuel.

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Hybrid laminar flow control

A technology that delays the boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow, reducing skin friction drag and thus improving the lift-to-drag ratio

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Aircraft Conceptual Design Process

A series of steps involved in developing the initial concept of an aircraft, including parametric studies and checking assumptions.

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Parametric Studies

Analyzing how different design parameters (like wing loading, aspect ratio) affect aircraft performance.

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Referee Designs

Secondary designs used to cross-check assumptions in parametric studies, ensuring validity and accuracy.

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Weight Growth Factor

The increase in overall aircraft weight for a unit increase in a specific component's weight.

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High Weight Growth Factors

Values above 10 for weight growth factors, indicating potential design problems.

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Preliminary Design Phase

The stage after conceptualization, where a more detailed design of the aircraft is created based on initial layout.

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Aircraft Optimization

The process of improving an aircraft design's characteristics, often focusing on minimizing weight.

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Project Design Phase

In a large company, the initial layout stage for a new airplane, handled by special teams.

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Aircraft Design Detail Phase

The stage in aircraft development where the design is finalized and refined, leading to the production of prototype aircraft.

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Aircraft Production Run

The period of time when aircraft are mass-produced.

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ICAO

The International Civil Aviation Organization, a UN agency that regulates international air travel.

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SARPs

Standards and Recommended Practices for aviation developed by ICAO.

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PANS

Procedures for Air Navigation Services, which are aviation procedures developed by ICAO.

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FAA

The Federal Aviation Administration, a major aviation regulatory body in the US.

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EASA

European Union Aviation Safety Agency, a major aviation regulatory body in Europe.

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Aircraft Certification

The process of officially approving an aircraft for safe operation.

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Preliminary Design Phase

A crucial design stage where the aircraft's detailed design is developed to allow for detail design to begin.

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Configuration Frozen

The aircraft's design is no longer open to significant change, after this point, during conceptual to preliminary phase, in order to move forward with design.

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Lofting

The process of creating the precise geometrical definition of the aircraft's exterior surface

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CAD (Computer-Aided Design)

A methodology used in lofting to develop computer models of the aircraft's surface using software.

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Aircraft CG (Center of Gravity)

The point at which the aircraft's weight is equally balanced.

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Structural Analysis

Assessment of the structural strength and integrity of important components, such as the main wing spar.

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Detailed Design

The stage after preliminary design where detailed design of each aircraft part takes place across multiple areas

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Development Time (person-hours)

The time, from hours to hundreds of thousands of hours (for new aircraft) needed to complete the preliminary design phase.

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EASA CS-23

Certification specifications for normal-category aeroplanes.

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FAR 23 Amendment 23-64

2016 revision of aircraft certification rules for normal-category aeroplanes.

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Aircraft Performance Levels

Categorization of planes based on speed (Low/High) and passenger capacity (Levels 1-4).

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Low Speed Aircraft

Aircraft with a maximum operational speed and maneuvering speed below 250 KCAS and a maximum Mach number below 0.6.

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High Speed Aircraft

Aircraft that exceed 250 KCAS or 0.6 Mach.

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Supplemental Information

Guidelines for manufacturers to show compliance with certification rules and specifications.

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Uncertified Aircraft

Experimental or historic aircraft not meeting certification requirements but issued a permit to fly.

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Aircraft Certification Class

The classification of an aircraft type. Examples include levels 1 - 4 based on passenger capacity.

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Aircraft Design Books

Reference books that provide details and information about aircraft design principles, ranging from conceptualization to detailed design stages.

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Preliminary Sizing

The initial process of determining the basic dimensions and characteristics of an aircraft, taking into account factors like fuel consumption and efficiency.

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Configuration Design

The aspect of design that deals with the arrangement of various parts of an aircraft, like engines, wings, and body, and integrating them in an efficient manner.

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Component Weight Estimation

The process of precisely calculating the weight of different parts of an aircraft used in the design process. These weights impact the design significantly.

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Aerodynamic Characteristics

The properties of an aircraft's shape and configuration in relation to its behavior and response to air forces.

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Stability and Control

The characteristics of an aircraft that ensure it maintains an intended path and responds appropriately to external forces.

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Aircraft Cost Estimation

The calculation of the entire cost associated with designing, developing, manufacturing, and operating an aircraft.

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Preliminary Design Phase

The stage of aircraft design where more specifics are put into existing conceptual data, involving comprehensive design plans.

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Study Notes

Module ME 4807: Aircraft Systems Engineering and Conceptual Design

  • Academic Year 2024/25
  • Prepared by Professor Trevor M. Young, School of Engineering, University of Limerick
  • Lecture notes are for student use only and may not be reproduced for any other purpose
  • Notes extracted from published works, journal articles, conference papers, regulations and standards.

Acknowledgement

  • Collection of lecture notes printed for students at the University of Limerick
  • Not for profit
  • Students should be aware that the notes are for personal use and may not be reproduced for any other purpose
  • Figures reproduced from sources are acknowledged
  • Module lecture notes by Prof. T.M. Young, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland. (This is the author and institution.)

Contents

  • Introduction to aircraft systems engineering and design
    • Original design, systems engineering
    • Phases of an aircraft project
    • Design requirements, mission specifications, RFP (Request for Proposal)
    • Airworthiness regulations, standards
  • General arrangement
    • Concept sketches
    • Wing position
    • Location of engines
    • Tailplane arrangement
  • Preliminary sizing of aircraft
    • Takeoff and empty weight estimation
    • Parametric analysis
    • Thrust-to-weight ratio (or power loading) versus wing loading
    • Matching of requirements; design point selection
  • Wing layout: Part 1
    • Aerofoil selection
    • Stall
    • Planform selection, aspect ratio, sweep
  • Wing layout: Part 2
    • Wing incidence, dihedral
    • Wing-tips
    • High lift devices
    • Control surface layout
    • Aerodynamic crutches
  • Fuselage layout
    • Crew station
    • Passenger compartment
    • Cargo
    • Fuselage shape
  • Tail Layout
    • Sizing of horizontal stabiliser (tail plane)
    • Sizing of vertical stabiliser (fin)
    • Stability, trim and control
  • Integration of propulsion system
    • Powerplant types
    • Jet engine integration
    • Inlets and nozzles
    • Piston-propeller integration
  • Landing gear (undercarriage)
    • Landing gear configurations
    • Layout requirements
    • Gear retraction
    • Tyres and shock absorbers
  • Aircraft Weights
    • Group weight statement
    • Weights estimation
    • CG position, load and balance diagram
  • Structures, vulnerability, producibility, maintainability and reliability
    • Structural layout
    • Vulnerability and crashworthiness
    • Producibility
    • Maintainability
    • Reliability
  • Environmental considerations
    • Noise sources and measurement
    • Regulations and compliance
    • Emissions and environmental damage
    • Pathways to mitigate environmental impact
  • Fuel system integration
    • Conceptual design and fuel systems
    • Fuel system layout
    • Reducing trim drag
  • Aircraft shaping / lofting
    • Fuselage lofting / shape definition
    • Wing, tail layout and loft
    • Area rule
  • Cost factors
    • Life cycle cost
    • Cost estimation
    • Design factors influencing cost

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