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Motivation

The overall desire to excel; a key factor in successful leadership.

Intrinsic Reward

Internal satisfaction derived from doing a good job; the feeling of accomplishment.

Extrinsic Reward

External recognition or tangible benefits given for good work, such as promotions, praise, or pay increases.

Scientific Management (Taylor)

A management philosophy focused on breaking down tasks into their most efficient components and teaching workers these methods to increase productivity.

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Hawthorne Effect

A set of studies that revealed the importance of human and psychological factors in worker performance. It found that people work harder when they feel like they're being observed and valued.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A hierarchical model of human needs that suggests people are motivated to satisfy their basic needs before moving onto higher-level ones. These levels include physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization.

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Motivators (Herzberg)

Motivating factors identified by Herzberg that are intrinsic to the job itself and contribute to job satisfaction, such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and growth opportunities.

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Hygiene Factors (Herzberg)

Factors that can cause dissatisfaction in the workplace but don't necessarily motivate employees, such as company policies, supervision, salary, working conditions, and relationships with peers.

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Theory X (McGregor)

A set of assumptions about employee behavior that suggests employees dislike work, avoid responsibility, lack ambition, and need to be controlled and directed. Often associated with a more authoritarian management style.

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Theory Y (McGregor)

A set of assumptions about employee behavior that suggests employees like work, seek responsibility, are creative, and are self-motivated. This theory advocates for a more empowering and participatory management style.

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Goal-Setting Theory (MBO)

A motivational theory that emphasizes the importance of setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for employees. This theory suggests that clear and challenging goals can motivate workers and improve performance.

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Management by Objectives (MBO)

A system of goal setting and implementation that involves regular discussions, reviews, and evaluations between management and employees to ensure alignment with goals and objectives.

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Expectancy Theory (Vroom)

A theory suggesting that employees' motivation to exert effort on a task depends on their expectations of the outcome. This theory asks: will my effort lead to good performance? will good performance lead to a reward? and is the reward worth it?

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Reinforcement Theory

A motivational theory that emphasizes the use of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment to shape employee behavior. Positive reinforcement offers rewards for desired actions, while negative reinforcement removes negative consequences for desired actions, and punishment introduces negative consequences for undesirable actions.

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Equity Theory

A theory that suggests employees evaluate the fairness of their contributions to the workplace compared to the rewards they receive. This theory emphasizes the perception of equity and justice, motivating employees to seek a balance between their input and output.

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Job Enrichment

A motivational strategy that focuses on designing work assignments that provide employees with a sense of accomplishment, responsibility, and control over their work. Factors include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.

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Open Communication

A motivational strategy that emphasizes open and transparent communication throughout the organization. It allows employees to understand the objectives, share information, and participate in decision-making.

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Job Recognition

A motivational strategy that involves recognizing and acknowledging employees' contributions and achievements through praise, awards, or other forms of positive feedback.

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Personalizing Motivation

The process of tailoring motivational approaches and strategies to individual employees' needs, preferences, and cultural backgrounds.

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Motivating Employees Around the Globe

The practice of adapting motivational strategies to different cultural contexts, considering cultural values, norms, and expectations regarding work, rewards, and recognition.

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Generation

A broad demographic category that encompasses people born during a specific period and who share common experiences, values, and perspectives. Examples include Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z.

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Baby Boomers

A generation born between 1946 and 1964, known for their strong work ethic, focus on loyalty, and traditional values.

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Generation X

A generation born between 1965 and 1976, known for being independent, resourceful, and tech-savvy. They value work-life balance and are often skeptical of authority.

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Generation Y/Millennials

A generation born between 1977 and 1994, known for their digital fluency, desire for purpose, and preference for collaborative work environments. They value work-life integration and are often optimistic and entrepreneurial.

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Generation Z

A generation born after 1995, known for their digital nativeness, entrepreneurial spirit, and emphasis on social justice. They value authenticity, diversity, and a fast-paced work environment.

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Reward System

A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that can be tailored to individual employees and their needs.

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Learning and Development

A system that provides employees with opportunities to learn new skills, expand their knowledge, and advance their careers.

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Empowerment

A management approach that promotes a culture of respect, collaboration, and shared decision-making. It creates a supportive environment where employees feel valued and empowered.

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Appreciation

A key factor in motivating employees, ensuring that they feel their contributions are recognized and appreciated.

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Study Notes

Chapter 11: Motivating Employees

  • Motivation is the desire to excel, crucial for leadership success
  • Keeping employees is essential for management, as losing them is costly
  • Happy employees lead to happy customers, contributing to business success
  • Intrinsic rewards are the positive feelings from a job well done
  • Extrinsic rewards are external recognition for good work, like raises or promotions

Evolution of Human Relations Management Concepts

  • Scientific Management: Viewed employees as machines needing programming, emphasizing efficiency through time, methods, and work rules;
  • Frederick Taylor's contributions focused on increasing productivity through scientific methods;
  • Taylor's approach did not account for the psychological or human aspects of work, unlike later theories
  • Hawthorne Effect: Elton Mayo's studies demonstrated that social and psychological factors, such as workers knowing they were being observed, influenced worker performance;
  • Hawthorne studies encouraged researchers to study human motivation, and effective management styles;

Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs

  • Motivation arises from unmet needs;
  • Once a need is fulfilled, a higher-level need emerges;
  • Lower-level needs can resurface and disrupt motivation;
  • Physiological needs are basic survival needs, like food and shelter;
  • Safety needs involve security at work and home;
  • Social needs focus on feeling loved, accepted, and part of a group;
  • Esteem needs center on recognition, self-respect, and status;
  • Self-actualization is the need to reach one's full potential

Herzberg's Motivating Factors

  • Herzberg's research aimed to determine factors causing worker enthusiasm and full potential.
  • Key motivators include:
    • Work itself
    • Achievement
    • Recognition
    • Responsibility
    • Growth/advancement
  • Herzberg found that these factors centered around job content and worker contribution

McGregor's Theories X and Y

  • Theory X: Managers assume employees dislike work, avoid responsibility, have little ambition, and require external motivation (e.g., fear or financial incentives)
  • Theory Y: Managers assume employees view work naturally, seek responsibility, and are motivated internally by factors beyond monetary rewards.
  • McGregor's observations suggest managerial attitudes influence employee motivation significantly

Goal-Setting Theory (MBO)

  • MBO (Management by Objectives) is a goal-setting system that encourages discussions, reviews, and evaluation of objectives between top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees
  • MBO functions best in stable situations for easier implementation with minimal changes
  • Effective managers using goal-setting must know the difference between simply helping employees versus coaching them effectively

Victor Vroom: Expectancy Theory

  • Employee effort depends on their expectations of outcomes;
  • Employees need incentive to believe that actions have worth of reward

Reinforcement Theory

  • Reinforcement theory suggests employees learn to act to receive rewards like positive and negative reinforcers, as well as punishment
  • This is the carrot and stick approach where workers act for desired outcomes

Equity Theory

  • Employees' perceptions of fairness affect their willingness to perform
  • Employees evaluate how much input (effort) they provide versus output (reward) relative to others
  • Effort versus reward evaluation is critical to maintaining equity.

Motivating Through Job Enrichment

  • Job enrichment extends motivational theories;
  • Jobs should be designed in a way that empowers employees and make them feel like they are part of a larger whole that drives achievement.
  • Key job design characteristics include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.

Motivating Across Cultures and Generations

  • Different cultures have varying motivational approaches
  • Understanding cultural differences is critical for employee motivation

Chapter Summary

  • Summarizes the key principles for various motivational theories and applications to motivate workers.

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