45 Questions
What is the most common form of jerk nystagmus?
Horizontal
What is the characteristic feature of pendular nystagmus?
Continual oscillation without separate phases
Which condition is associated with upbeat nystagmus?
Chiari malformation
What causes peripheral vestibular nystagmus?
Dysfunction of the labyrinth
Which type of macular degeneration involves extracellular debris deposits around the macula?
Dry macular degeneration
What is the characteristic of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
New blood vessels growing in the retina
Which treatment is used for wet macular degeneration?
Intraocular injection of VEGF antagonists
What is a characteristic sign of hypertensive retinopathy?
AV nicking
What can occur spontaneously in individuals over 50 and is often preceded by floaters or shadow-like disturbances?
Retinal detachment
What is a leading cause of blindness in the US?
Diabetic retinopathy
What is used for the prevention of diabetic retinopathy?
Good glycemic control, BP control, and lipid control
What can lead to blindness and has a poor prognosis if the macula has detached?
Retinal detachment
What are VEGF inhibitors used for in treating retinal disorders?
Treating new blood vessels growing in the retina
What is characteristic of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Nonspecific visual symptoms like spots floating in vision
What is the treatment for optic neuritis?
Steroids
Which condition requires urgent recognition and steroids to prevent blindness?
Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION)
What is the leading cause of blindness in older adults?
Macular degeneration
Which condition is associated with sudden vision loss and giant cell arteritis (GCA)?
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
What is the treatment for papilledema?
Acetazolamide
Which condition is characterized by refractile particles in the optic nerve and causes visual obscurations?
Optic disc drusen
Which condition causes progressive, painless vision loss in young men and is maternally inherited?
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
What is the key difference between orbital cellulitis and periorbital (preseptal) cellulitis?
Location of infection and emergent referral requirement
Which condition has limited treatment options, especially for the dry form?
Macular degeneration
What causes visual loss and bilateral optic disc swelling?
Toxic Optic Neuropathy
Which condition is commonly associated with multiple sclerosis?
Optic neuritis
What is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans?
Open-angle glaucoma
Which condition presents with a painful, red eye, cloudy cornea, and dilated fixed eye?
Angle-closure glaucoma
What is the management for a transient ischemic attack of the retina?
Oral aspirin and finding underlying causes
What is characterized by reduced visual acuity not correctable by refractive means and fixed ocular deviation?
Amblyopia
What warrants urgent referral to an ophthalmologist and comprehensive workup to identify and treat systemic conditions?
Optic disc swelling
What is a deviation from ocular alignment, potentially leading to amblyopia?
Strabismus
What is associated with muscular imbalance, trauma, brain tumors, and elevated intracranial pressure?
Strabismus
Which type of glaucoma has varied symptoms and exam changes?
Open-angle glaucoma
What medication is used to manage open-angle glaucoma?
Betablockers and prostaglandin drops
What potentially exacerbates glaucoma?
Inhaled beta 2 agonists
What are the ophthalmologic procedures for glaucoma?
Laser therapy, trabeculectomy surgery, medications like timolol
What are the symptoms of orbital floor fracture due to blunt trauma?
Restricted eye movement, dropped eye, and crepitus
What are the characteristics of open globe fracture?
Obvious corneal or scleral laceration, peaked pupil, and subconjunctival hemorrhage
What is the consequence of hyphema?
Vision loss
What does hypopyon in the anterior chamber suggest?
A sight-threatening ocular infection
How does central retinal artery occlusion present?
Painless vision loss, cherry red spot or boxcar appearance
What are the risk factors for central retinal artery occlusion?
Carotid disease, cardiogenic emboli, and small artery disease
What is the prognosis for central retinal artery occlusion?
Poor; the retina's ability to survive without proper blood flow is limited to about 90 minutes
What characterizes central retinal vein occlusion?
Painless vision loss, blood and thunder appearance, and retinal hemorrhages
What may be involved in the treatment for central retinal vein occlusion?
Intravitreal injections, anti-VEGF therapy, and laser photocoagulation
Study Notes
Ocular Trauma and Emergencies Summary
- Blunt trauma can lead to orbital floor fracture, causing symptoms such as restricted eye movement, dropped eye, and crepitus, and requires a CT scan for diagnosis.
- Open globe fracture is characterized by obvious corneal or scleral laceration, peaked pupil, and subconjunctival hemorrhage, and immediate ophthalmology consult and avoidance of increasing intraocular pressure are crucial.
- Hyphema, or blood in the anterior chamber, can result in vision loss and requires an ophthalmologist consult, no aspirin, and elevation of the head of the bed.
- Hypopyon, a layer of white cells in the anterior chamber, is suggestive of a sight-threatening ocular infection and necessitates urgent ophthalmologist evaluation.
- Central retinal artery occlusion presents as painless vision loss, cherry red spot or boxcar appearance, and requires emergent referral to ophthalmology, with potential treatment options including tPA or ocular massage.
- Risk factors for central retinal artery occlusion include carotid disease, cardiogenic emboli, and small artery disease, and patients may present without pain, redness, or with a relative afferent pupillary defect.
- Central retinal artery occlusion prognosis is poor, with the retina's ability to survive without proper blood flow limited to about 90 minutes.
- Central retinal vein occlusion is characterized by painless vision loss, blood and thunder appearance, and retinal hemorrhages, and is associated with vascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and smoking.
- Treatment for central retinal vein occlusion may involve VEGF inhibitors, and underlying conditions such as glaucoma and hypercoagulable states should be addressed.
- Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion include diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and smoking, with potential complications including macular edema and neovascularization.
- Central retinal vein occlusion presents with increased pressures causing macular edema, neovascularization, retinal ischemia, and venous dilation and tortuosity.
- Central retinal vein occlusion requires urgent referral and treatment of underlying issues, and may present with cotton wool spots in younger patients with hypercoagulable states.
Test your knowledge about wet macular degeneration, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosing methods. Learn about VEGF inhibitors and photocoagulation as treatment options.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
