Welfare and Integration Study Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary contrast in selectivity and inequality related to welfare and lifestyle?

  • The contrast is between individuals receiving welfare and those who are not. (correct)
  • The contrast is between individuals of different education levels.
  • The contrast is between urban and rural lifestyles.
  • The contrast is between those who are employed and those who are unemployed.
  • Which labor market regime offers the least control and opportunities for job seekers?

  • Social democratic regime
  • Liberal regime
  • Conservative corporatist regime (correct)
  • Mixed regime
  • What is an example of a country variable used in the operationalization of the study?

  • Personal education attainment
  • Regime dimensions (correct)
  • Individual income levels
  • Age distribution
  • What captures the concept of welfare chauvinism in the study?

    <p>Rights to social benefits for immigrants and residents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which timing for immigrant social benefit eligibility reflects the least welfare chauvinism?

    <p>Immediately on arrival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor distinguishing 'winners' and 'losers' in the socio-economic cleavage related to globalization?

    <p>Employment in competitive sectors versus traditionally protected sectors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the integration-demarcation cleavage, what does 'integration' primarily advocate for?

    <p>Promoting an open society that further integrates into global culture and economy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'welfare chauvinism' refer to?

    <p>Support for using welfare systems to benefit only certain groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the socio-economic dimension within the integration-demarcation cleavage?

    <p>Pro state vs pro market position reflecting on welfare redistribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural distinction is highlighted within the integration-demarcation cleavage?

    <p>Universalism vs particularism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'politicization' refer to?

    <p>Bringing previously unpolitical issues into the political realm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines 'cleavage' in the context of Lipset & Rokkan's theory?

    <p>A deep and lasting division between groups based on conflict. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do organizational elements play in the cleavage theory?

    <p>They express collective identities through movements and political actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of welfare chauvinism?

    <p>Exclusion of certain groups from welfare benefits based on perceived worthiness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core element of cleavage theory?

    <p>Economic theories on resource distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been suggested as a new area of study related to globalization cleavages?

    <p>A new form of 'globalization cleavage'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical juncture is associated with the globalization cleavage theory?

    <p>The global revolution underscoring conflicts in globalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ‘welfare chauvinism’ imply about social welfare benefits?

    <p>They should be restricted to citizens who are deemed eligible based on certain criteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to the idea that welfare should be limited to members of a specific ethnically defined community?

    <p>Welfare nationalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dimensions is not part of the welfare regimes framework?

    <p>Cultural dimension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the deservingness criteria, which group is generally perceived as most deserving of welfare?

    <p>Elderly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the exclusion of non-natives from welfare provisions?

    <p>Welfare chauvinism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of welfare deservingness, which criterion relates to individuals' personal attributes and perceptions?

    <p>Attitude (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a shift in the winning formula of populist right parties in the 1990s?

    <p>From generous welfare and monocultural to right economic and cultural concerns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do welfare regimes influence perceptions of welfare deservingness?

    <p>They shape political preferences and attitudes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of 'welfare chauvinism' in social policies?

    <p>Restriction based on ethnicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is observed regarding education level and welfare chauvinism?

    <p>Higher education correlates with less chauvinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which welfare regime demonstrates the least amount of welfare chauvinism?

    <p>Social democratic regime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does country-level ethnic heterogeneity have on welfare chauvinism?

    <p>There is no effect of heterogeneity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between inequality and welfare chauvinism?

    <p>Higher inequality results in increased chauvinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the politicization of globalization affect according to the content?

    <p>It can either increase or decrease dynamics in societies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the conclusions drawn, which aspect of the welfare state is illustrated by welfare chauvinism?

    <p>Polarization within socio-economic and socio-cultural issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome regarding the labour market trajectory in relation to welfare chauvinism?

    <p>Non-significant effect on chauvinism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the relationship between globalization and political competition?

    <p>Globalization has reshaped political competition into a more unstable environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is the definition of Politicization?

    The process of transforming non-political issues into matters of political debate and contention.

    What are Cleavages?

    A deep and lasting division between groups based on conflict. It can be based on socio-economic factors, religion, education, or region.

    Can there be a 'Globalization Cleavage'?

    A new cleavage that emerged due to globalization, where those who benefit from it often clash with those who are negatively affected by it.

    What is Welfare Chauvinism?

    A form of prejudice against people from other countries receiving welfare benefits.

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    Explain the connection between globalization and cleavage theory.

    A theory that argues that global economic integration can lead to social and cultural conflicts due to diverging national interests.

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    What are Critical Junctures?

    An event in history that changes the political landscape permanently.

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    What are National Revolutions?

    A historical event where countries transitioned into nation-states with defined borders, leading to conflicts between the center and periphery.

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    What are Industrial Revolutions?

    A historical event where industrialization led to conflicts between urban areas and rural areas, as well as between labor and capital.

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    Globalization Cleavage

    A situation where people who benefit from globalization (winners) clash with those who are negatively affected by it (losers). Winners are often employees in sectors that thrive in a globalized economy, while losers hold jobs in sectors that are disrupted by globalization.

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    Welfare Chauvinism

    A form of prejudice against people from other countries who receive benefits from a welfare state. It involves a belief that only citizens should benefit from social safety nets, regardless of their contributions.

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    Socio-Economic Dimension

    A political dimension representing the degree to which the state intervenes in the economy and redistributes wealth. It ranges from a pro-market stance (less state intervention) to a pro-state stance (more state intervention and redistribution).

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    Cultural Dimension

    A political dimension representing the balance between universal values and particularistic identities. It's about freedom of thought and action (individual autonomy) versus the preservation of traditional values and social order.

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    Critical Juncture

    An event or period of significant change that reshapes political landscapes and societal structures. Globalization is often considered a critical juncture because it has fundamentally altered global economic and social interactions.

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    Welfare State Restrictiveness

    A perspective arguing that the welfare state should primarily benefit those who belong to the ethnically defined community, leading to limited or no access for non-natives.

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    CARIN Model

    A model explaining how people perceive welfare deservingness based on factors like need, control, identity, reciprocity, and attitude.

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    Migration Penalty

    The tendency for immigrants to be seen as less deserving of welfare benefits compared to native citizens, regardless of individual circumstances.

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    Institutional Theory (Welfare Chauvinism)

    The idea that the structure of welfare regimes, like selectivity and inequality levels, shapes how people perceive those in need and subsequently influences welfare chauvinism.

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    Welfare Regimes

    Describes different welfare regime models based on criteria like selectivity, inequality reduction, and opportunities for low-skilled workers.

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    Three Worlds of Welfare Chauvinism

    The argument that different welfare regimes can lead to varying levels of welfare chauvinism based on their design and principles.

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    Deservingness Criteria

    A set of criteria used to assess who deserves welfare benefits, including factors like need, control, identity, reciprocity, and attitude.

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    Selectivity and inequality leading to deviance/identity.

    The perception of a divide between 'us' and 'them' based on welfare dependence, where those who rely on the state are seen as different or undeserving.

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    Selectivity and inequality leading to deviance/identity.

    The perception of a divide between 'us' and 'them' based on lifestyle choices, where those with different lifestyles are seen as different or undeserving.

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    Welfare Chauvinism: Operationalization

    The degree to which a person feels that immigrants should have the same rights to social benefits and services as citizens.

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    Labor market trajectory leading to deviance/identity.

    The perception of a divide between 'us' and 'them' based on labor market opportunities and control.

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    Deservingness in welfare

    The idea that some people are more deserving of welfare than others, often based on factors like citizenship or contribution.

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    Social democratic welfare regime

    A political system where the government heavily intervenes in the economy and redistributes wealth, typically focusing on social programs.

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    Conservative corporatist welfare regime

    A political system where the welfare system is more selective and often tied to individual contributions.

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    Politicization of globalization

    The process of transforming non-political issues into matters of political debate and conflict.

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    Contested globalization

    The process where the impact of global forces on society is not inevitable but shaped by political actors and decisions.

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    Reshaped political competition

    Increased political instability, unpredictability, and emergence of new political parties due to the impact and consequences of globalization.

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    Study Notes

    Politicization of Globalization

    • Politicization is the act of making previously unpolitical issues political
    • Politicization is the accumulation of salience through contestation
    • Politicization equals salience multiplied by actor expansion plus polarization
    • Globalization has become politicized at citizen, state, and international student levels

    Globalization & Social Risks / Welfare Chauvinism

    • Welfare chauvinism is the idea that welfare should be restricted to one's own community
    • The welfare state is a system of social protection belonging to an ethnically defined community
    • Welfare nationalism/restrictiveness is exclusive, and solidarity for welfare is selective
    • Non-natives are excluded from or have limited access to welfare provisions
    • Welfare chauvinism is linked to populist right-wing (PRRP) political parties
    • Initial 1990s PRRP strategies were characterized by right-wing positions on both socio-economic and socio-cultural axes
    • There has been a recent switch of PRRP strategy to a favorable stance on economic issues while maintaining opposing views on socio-cultural issues (e.g., mass immigration)
    • Studies have explored preferences regarding social rights for immigrants, using surveys to categorize attitudes toward immigrants and their access to welfare provisions
    • Studies on welfare deservingness explore who should receive benefits, encompassing perspectives on need, control, identity, reciprocity, and attitude

    Cleavages – Lipset & Rokkan (1967)

    • Cleavages represent deep and enduring divisions between groups based on various conflicts
    • Socio-economic left-right cleavage is a key element
    • Structural element involves conflicts between large social groups with conflicting interests (e.g., class, religion, education, region)
    • Cultural element of collective identities and ideological values influences conflicts
    • Organizational element is how conflicts are expressed through collective actions, such as movements and political parties (e.g., labor unions, political parties
    • Lipset & Rokkan's framework identifies national revolution, industrial revolution, and globalization as critical junctures that shaped political cleavages
    • National revolution ("nationalization") entails centre-periphery and religious cleavages
    • Industrial revolution ("industrialization") includes urban-rural, labor-capital cleavages

    Cleavages – Two-Dimensional Political Space

    • Political space is often visualized as two axis: socio-economic and socio-cultural
    • This framework helps to understand various political opinions and electorates of parties

    Globalization as a "Critical Juncture" Cleavage

    • Economic and cultural globalization have led to a new ‘integration-demarcation’ cleavage
    • Socioeconomic conflicts exist between globalization's winners (employees in competitive sectors) and losers (employees in traditionally protected sectors)
    • New divisions emerge regarding if society should pursue integration into global cultures and economies or prioritize its own identity, welfare, or traditional values
    • The integration-demarcation cleavage is ingrained in two-dimensional political space, with its socio-economic dimension representing pro-state versus pro-market positions and its cultural dimension representing universalism vs. particularism

    Welfare Deservingness

    • Distributional justice criteria (who deserves what and why?) include need, control, identity, reciprocity, and attitude

    • Studies show notable differences in welfare entitlement perceptions between countries, encompassing various demographic factors

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the complexities of welfare, lifestyle, and socio-economic cleavages in globalization. This quiz covers key concepts like welfare chauvinism, labor market regimes, and the integration-demarcation cleavage. Explore how these elements shape opportunities and challenges for job seekers and immigrants.

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