Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the economic situation in Germany at the end of World War I?
Which of the following best describes the economic situation in Germany at the end of World War I?
- The government effectively managed war pensions, allocating only a small fraction of the national budget to support veterans and their families.
- Germany experienced increased food production and a surplus of resources due to wartime agricultural advancements.
- National income and industrial production had both doubled compared to pre-war levels.
- National income and industrial production significantly declined, accompanied by food shortages and a substantial increase in war pension costs. (correct)
How did the economic disparities during World War I affect German society?
How did the economic disparities during World War I affect German society?
- Created deeper divisions due to the imbalance in living standards and wealth accumulation. (correct)
- German workers' earnings increased and wealthy factory owners profits decreased during the war
- Led to the equal distribution of wealth among all citizens
- Reduced the gap between the rich and the poor, fostering a sense of national unity.
What was the primary catalyst for the sailors' mutiny in Kiel in November 1918?
What was the primary catalyst for the sailors' mutiny in Kiel in November 1918?
- The announcement of Germany's victory in the war.
- The Kaiser's visit to the naval base to thank the sailors for their service
- Sailors were frustrated with orders to launch a final suicide attack on the British Royal Navy (correct)
- Improved living conditions and increased rations at the naval base.
What was the 'stab in the back' myth, and how did it impact German society after World War I?
What was the 'stab in the back' myth, and how did it impact German society after World War I?
Which of the following factors contributed to the political instability in Germany at the end of World War I?
Which of the following factors contributed to the political instability in Germany at the end of World War I?
What was the immediate trigger that led to the collapse of the German government in 1918?
What was the immediate trigger that led to the collapse of the German government in 1918?
What action did Ebert take to end World War I?
What action did Ebert take to end World War I?
Which political group believed in the 'stab in the back' myth, hindering the Weimar Republic?
Which political group believed in the 'stab in the back' myth, hindering the Weimar Republic?
What was the primary purpose of the Ebert-Groener pact?
What was the primary purpose of the Ebert-Groener pact?
What power did Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution grant to the President?
What power did Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution grant to the President?
Which political party in the Weimar Republic sought a communist revolution similar to Russia's?
Which political party in the Weimar Republic sought a communist revolution similar to Russia's?
Which demographic primarily supported the Social Democratic Party (SPD) during the Weimar Republic?
Which demographic primarily supported the Social Democratic Party (SPD) during the Weimar Republic?
Which political party was led by Gustav Stresemann and focused on business-oriented liberal policies?
Which political party was led by Gustav Stresemann and focused on business-oriented liberal policies?
Which political party in the Weimar Republic is best described as far-right, conservative, and nationalist, and harbored anti-Weimar sentiments?
Which political party in the Weimar Republic is best described as far-right, conservative, and nationalist, and harbored anti-Weimar sentiments?
Which event significantly boosted the Nazi Party's popularity during the Weimar Republic?
Which event significantly boosted the Nazi Party's popularity during the Weimar Republic?
Who were the leaders of the Spartacist Uprising?
Who were the leaders of the Spartacist Uprising?
What was a significant disadvantage of the coalition system in the Weimar Republic?
What was a significant disadvantage of the coalition system in the Weimar Republic?
What was the attitude of the German National People's Party (DNVP) towards the Treaty of Versailles?
What was the attitude of the German National People's Party (DNVP) towards the Treaty of Versailles?
How did Ebert initially respond to the opposition he faced from both the left and the right wings?
How did Ebert initially respond to the opposition he faced from both the left and the right wings?
What was the effect of proportional representation on the formation of governments during the Weimar Republic?
What was the effect of proportional representation on the formation of governments during the Weimar Republic?
Which of the following was NOT a stated goal of the Nazi party in their early years?
Which of the following was NOT a stated goal of the Nazi party in their early years?
What role did Alfred Hugenberg play in the rise of the Nazi Party?
What role did Alfred Hugenberg play in the rise of the Nazi Party?
Which event directly led to Hitler's imprisonment and the writing of Mein Kampf?
Which event directly led to Hitler's imprisonment and the writing of Mein Kampf?
How did the Nazi party adapt its strategy after the failure of the Munich Putsch?
How did the Nazi party adapt its strategy after the failure of the Munich Putsch?
What was the primary function of the SA (Storm Unit) in the early Nazi movement?
What was the primary function of the SA (Storm Unit) in the early Nazi movement?
How did Hitler exploit the Treaty of Versailles to gain support?
How did Hitler exploit the Treaty of Versailles to gain support?
What was the significance of Lufthansa providing Hitler with an airplane during his presidential campaign?
What was the significance of Lufthansa providing Hitler with an airplane during his presidential campaign?
Which group formed the initial core membership of the SA (Storm Unit)?
Which group formed the initial core membership of the SA (Storm Unit)?
How did Hitler tailor his message to appeal to business owners?
How did Hitler tailor his message to appeal to business owners?
Why did Hitler target specific groups like the Jews and Communists as scapegoats?
Why did Hitler target specific groups like the Jews and Communists as scapegoats?
What was a key reason for the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923?
What was a key reason for the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923?
How did the right-wing judges treat Hitler during his trial after the Munich Putsch?
How did the right-wing judges treat Hitler during his trial after the Munich Putsch?
What promise did Hitler make to German farmers to gain their support?
What promise did Hitler make to German farmers to gain their support?
What was the primary reason Hitler sought the Enabling Act in 1933?
What was the primary reason Hitler sought the Enabling Act in 1933?
How did Hitler capitalize on the economic depression to gain support?
How did Hitler capitalize on the economic depression to gain support?
What was the '25 point programme' announced by the Nazi Party in 1920?
What was the '25 point programme' announced by the Nazi Party in 1920?
How did the Nazis ensure the passage of the Enabling Act in the Reichstag?
How did the Nazis ensure the passage of the Enabling Act in the Reichstag?
What was the significance of the German army's oath of allegiance to Hitler in August 1934?
What was the significance of the German army's oath of allegiance to Hitler in August 1934?
What was the 'Night of the Long Knives,' and how did it consolidate Hitler's power?
What was the 'Night of the Long Knives,' and how did it consolidate Hitler's power?
What was the role of the SA in the lead-up to and immediate aftermath of the March 1933 Reichstag elections?
What was the role of the SA in the lead-up to and immediate aftermath of the March 1933 Reichstag elections?
The March 1933 Reichstag elections resulted in the Nazi Party securing what percentage of the vote?
The March 1933 Reichstag elections resulted in the Nazi Party securing what percentage of the vote?
What event directly enabled Hitler to combine the roles of Chancellor and President in August 1934?
What event directly enabled Hitler to combine the roles of Chancellor and President in August 1934?
Prior to the passing of the Enabling Act, what was Hitler's formal title in the German government?
Prior to the passing of the Enabling Act, what was Hitler's formal title in the German government?
What long-term strategic objective motivated Hitler to eliminate the SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives?
What long-term strategic objective motivated Hitler to eliminate the SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives?
Which factor demonstrates that there was still significant opposition to Hitler's Nazi Party, despite their use of force and propaganda, during the March 1933 elections?
Which factor demonstrates that there was still significant opposition to Hitler's Nazi Party, despite their use of force and propaganda, during the March 1933 elections?
What was a significant consequence of Ebert's reliance on the Freikorps to suppress left-wing uprisings in the early Weimar Republic?
What was a significant consequence of Ebert's reliance on the Freikorps to suppress left-wing uprisings in the early Weimar Republic?
Which factor significantly contributed to the Freikorps' growing power and membership in the early Weimar Republic?
Which factor significantly contributed to the Freikorps' growing power and membership in the early Weimar Republic?
How did the Berlin industrial workers respond to the Kapp Putsch, and what was the result of their actions?
How did the Berlin industrial workers respond to the Kapp Putsch, and what was the result of their actions?
What was the primary reason for the German population's initial rejection of the Treaty of Versailles?
What was the primary reason for the German population's initial rejection of the Treaty of Versailles?
How did the policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr affect the German economy and government finances in 1922-1923?
How did the policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr affect the German economy and government finances in 1922-1923?
Which group primarily benefited from the hyperinflation in Germany during the early 1920s?
Which group primarily benefited from the hyperinflation in Germany during the early 1920s?
What action was taken by the Spartacists in January 1919 to demonstrate their political goals??
What action was taken by the Spartacists in January 1919 to demonstrate their political goals??
What was the immediate trigger for the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr region in 1922?
What was the immediate trigger for the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr region in 1922?
Which political group was responsible for the assassinations of prominent figures like Walther Rathenau in the Weimar Republic?
Which political group was responsible for the assassinations of prominent figures like Walther Rathenau in the Weimar Republic?
What was the 'Dolchstoss' myth and how did it affect German perceptions of the Weimar government?
What was the 'Dolchstoss' myth and how did it affect German perceptions of the Weimar government?
How did the hyperinflation of 1923 impact daily life for ordinary German citizens?
How did the hyperinflation of 1923 impact daily life for ordinary German citizens?
What was Ebert's primary motivation for utilizing the Freikorps to suppress uprisings from both the left and right wings?
What was Ebert's primary motivation for utilizing the Freikorps to suppress uprisings from both the left and right wings?
What was the immediate consequence of the German government printing large amount of money in response to various economic problems?
What was the immediate consequence of the German government printing large amount of money in response to various economic problems?
What was a key difference in the outcomes of the Spartacist uprising and the Kapp Putsch regarding the role of the German population?
What was a key difference in the outcomes of the Spartacist uprising and the Kapp Putsch regarding the role of the German population?
How did the occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops exacerbate Germany's economic problems?
How did the occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops exacerbate Germany's economic problems?
What was the immediate impact of Gustav Stresemann calling off passive resistance in the Ruhr region?
What was the immediate impact of Gustav Stresemann calling off passive resistance in the Ruhr region?
Which of the following best describes the economic strategy employed by Stresemann's government to stabilize the German economy in 1923?
Which of the following best describes the economic strategy employed by Stresemann's government to stabilize the German economy in 1923?
How did the Dawes Plan of 1924 contribute to Germany's economic recovery, and what was its major vulnerability?
How did the Dawes Plan of 1924 contribute to Germany's economic recovery, and what was its major vulnerability?
What was the main objective of Stresemann's foreign policy, and how did the Locarno Treaties of 1925 contribute to this objective?
What was the main objective of Stresemann's foreign policy, and how did the Locarno Treaties of 1925 contribute to this objective?
What distinguished the Weimar Republic's approach to voting rights in comparison to many other countries at the time?
What distinguished the Weimar Republic's approach to voting rights in comparison to many other countries at the time?
How did the Weimar Republic's constitution aim to safeguard the republic during times of crisis, and what potential drawback did this entail?
How did the Weimar Republic's constitution aim to safeguard the republic during times of crisis, and what potential drawback did this entail?
How did cultural expression flourish during Germany's 'Golden Age' under the Weimar Republic, and what artistic movement gained prominence?
How did cultural expression flourish during Germany's 'Golden Age' under the Weimar Republic, and what artistic movement gained prominence?
What was the Bauhaus movement's core design philosophy, and how did it impact architecture and design during the Weimar era?
What was the Bauhaus movement's core design philosophy, and how did it impact architecture and design during the Weimar era?
What social welfare measures were introduced during the Weimar Republic, and what was a potential drawback of these policies?
What social welfare measures were introduced during the Weimar Republic, and what was a potential drawback of these policies?
Despite Germany's apparent recovery in the late 1920s, what underlying issues persisted that suggested the 'Golden Age' was not as stable as it seemed?
Despite Germany's apparent recovery in the late 1920s, what underlying issues persisted that suggested the 'Golden Age' was not as stable as it seemed?
How did the economic struggles of German farmers contribute to the political instability of the Weimar Republic?
How did the economic struggles of German farmers contribute to the political instability of the Weimar Republic?
How did the collapse of the Dawes Plan exacerbate Germany's economic woes during the Great Depression?
How did the collapse of the Dawes Plan exacerbate Germany's economic woes during the Great Depression?
What were the key components of the Nazi Party's 25-point program in the 1920s, and what segments of German society did these points appeal to?
What were the key components of the Nazi Party's 25-point program in the 1920s, and what segments of German society did these points appeal to?
How did the Nazi party's stance on anti-Semitism, particularly the denial of citizenship to Jews, factor into their broader political goals?
How did the Nazi party's stance on anti-Semitism, particularly the denial of citizenship to Jews, factor into their broader political goals?
What was the Nazi Party's stance on capitalism, and how did this position aim to broaden their appeal to different social classes?
What was the Nazi Party's stance on capitalism, and how did this position aim to broaden their appeal to different social classes?
How did Hitler exploit the resentment felt towards the Treaty of Versailles to gain support?
How did Hitler exploit the resentment felt towards the Treaty of Versailles to gain support?
Which of the following best describes the main target of Hitler's speeches, contributing significantly to Nazi support?
Which of the following best describes the main target of Hitler's speeches, contributing significantly to Nazi support?
How did the SA's actions contribute to the Nazi's rise to power beyond just intimidating political opponents?
How did the SA's actions contribute to the Nazi's rise to power beyond just intimidating political opponents?
Why was Joseph Goebbels' strategy of using entertainment films an effective propaganda tool?
Why was Joseph Goebbels' strategy of using entertainment films an effective propaganda tool?
How did the Nazi party benefit from the industrialists' and upper class's fear of communism?
How did the Nazi party benefit from the industrialists' and upper class's fear of communism?
What impact did Bruning's economic policies during the Weimar Republic have on the Nazi's rise to power?
What impact did Bruning's economic policies during the Weimar Republic have on the Nazi's rise to power?
What was the significance of the Reichstag meeting only five times in 1932?
What was the significance of the Reichstag meeting only five times in 1932?
Why did Hindenburg ultimately agree to appoint Hitler as Chancellor, despite initial reservations?
Why did Hindenburg ultimately agree to appoint Hitler as Chancellor, despite initial reservations?
How did the Wall Street Crash of 1929 directly contribute to Hitler's rise to power in Germany?
How did the Wall Street Crash of 1929 directly contribute to Hitler's rise to power in Germany?
In what way did the Weimar government's response to the Great Depression contribute to the Nazis' rise in popularity?
In what way did the Weimar government's response to the Great Depression contribute to the Nazis' rise in popularity?
How did Hitler use the Reichstag Fire to consolidate his power in 1933?
How did Hitler use the Reichstag Fire to consolidate his power in 1933?
What was the 'Law for the Protection of the People and State' and how did it contribute to Hitler becoming a dictator?
What was the 'Law for the Protection of the People and State' and how did it contribute to Hitler becoming a dictator?
What was the significance of the SA's 'reign of terror' following the Reichstag Fire?
What was the significance of the SA's 'reign of terror' following the Reichstag Fire?
Which of the following factors represents a weakness of the Weimar Republic that the Nazi party effectively exploited?
Which of the following factors represents a weakness of the Weimar Republic that the Nazi party effectively exploited?
How did the Nazi party use propaganda to exploit people's fear of uncertainty and instability during the economic crisis?
How did the Nazi party use propaganda to exploit people's fear of uncertainty and instability during the economic crisis?
What was the ultimate goal behind the Nazi policy of Volksgemeinschaft?
What was the ultimate goal behind the Nazi policy of Volksgemeinschaft?
How did the Nazis in Northeim utilize the claim of searching for 'illegal guns and ammunition' to consolidate their power?
How did the Nazis in Northeim utilize the claim of searching for 'illegal guns and ammunition' to consolidate their power?
What was the purpose of the Gleichschaltung policy implemented by the Nazis in Northeim and throughout Germany?
What was the purpose of the Gleichschaltung policy implemented by the Nazis in Northeim and throughout Germany?
Why did so many ordinary citizens in Northeim choose to join the Nazi Party, even if they weren't ardent supporters of Nazi ideology?
Why did so many ordinary citizens in Northeim choose to join the Nazi Party, even if they weren't ardent supporters of Nazi ideology?
How did the Nazi regime's emphasis on military strength fundamentally shape German society?
How did the Nazi regime's emphasis on military strength fundamentally shape German society?
What was the core belief behind the Nazi racial ideology that divided mankind into Aryans and non-Aryans?
What was the core belief behind the Nazi racial ideology that divided mankind into Aryans and non-Aryans?
How did the Law against the Formation of New Parties on 14 July consolidate Nazi power?
How did the Law against the Formation of New Parties on 14 July consolidate Nazi power?
What was the significance of replacing trade unions with the German Labour Front?
What was the significance of replacing trade unions with the German Labour Front?
How did the Nazis utilize the Gestapo, Police, SS, and concentration camps to maintain control?
How did the Nazis utilize the Gestapo, Police, SS, and concentration camps to maintain control?
Why did Hitler remove Jewish people and other 'enemies of the state' from the civil service in 1933?
Why did Hitler remove Jewish people and other 'enemies of the state' from the civil service in 1933?
Beyond political objectives, how did the Nazis portray Nazism to the German people?
Beyond political objectives, how did the Nazis portray Nazism to the German people?
In Northeim, how did the Nazis address the widespread unemployment that contributed to their initial election?
In Northeim, how did the Nazis address the widespread unemployment that contributed to their initial election?
What message was the local Nazi leader in Northeim trying to convey with his speech during the torchlight parade, declaring 'The individual is nothing! The Volk is everything!'?
What message was the local Nazi leader in Northeim trying to convey with his speech during the torchlight parade, declaring 'The individual is nothing! The Volk is everything!'?
How did the Nazis in Northeim implement boycotts of Jewish businesses?
How did the Nazis in Northeim implement boycotts of Jewish businesses?
What was the effect of Nazi Special Commissioners being appointed in each state?
What was the effect of Nazi Special Commissioners being appointed in each state?
What was a primary function of the SD (Sicherheitsdienst) within the SS?
What was a primary function of the SD (Sicherheitsdienst) within the SS?
How did the Gestapo primarily gather information on potential enemies of the Nazi state?
How did the Gestapo primarily gather information on potential enemies of the Nazi state?
Why did ordinary citizens often inform on each other to the Gestapo?
Why did ordinary citizens often inform on each other to the Gestapo?
How did the Nazis ensure that the courts and legal system supported their agenda?
How did the Nazis ensure that the courts and legal system supported their agenda?
What was the initial purpose of concentration camps established by the Nazis?
What was the initial purpose of concentration camps established by the Nazis?
In what way did the police in Nazi Germany operate differently from traditional law enforcement?
In what way did the police in Nazi Germany operate differently from traditional law enforcement?
What made Dr. Josef Goebbels' propaganda so effective in Nazi Germany?
What made Dr. Josef Goebbels' propaganda so effective in Nazi Germany?
What role did the 'Death's Head Units' of the SS play in the Nazi regime?
What role did the 'Death's Head Units' of the SS play in the Nazi regime?
What was the significance of the 'People's Radio' ('Volksempfänger') in Nazi Germany?
What was the significance of the 'People's Radio' ('Volksempfänger') in Nazi Germany?
How did the Nazis use art to promote their ideology?
How did the Nazis use art to promote their ideology?
What happened to newspapers that printed stories not approved by Josef Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry?
What happened to newspapers that printed stories not approved by Josef Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the SS and the SA after 1934?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the SS and the SA after 1934?
How did the Nazis use loudspeakers in public spaces to spread propaganda?
How did the Nazis use loudspeakers in public spaces to spread propaganda?
What was the function of Nazi rallies, festivals, and marches?
What was the function of Nazi rallies, festivals, and marches?
What happened to Jazz music in Nazi Germany and why?
What happened to Jazz music in Nazi Germany and why?
What was the primary purpose of the Nuremberg rallies organized by Goebbels?
What was the primary purpose of the Nuremberg rallies organized by Goebbels?
What was the significance of the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games for Nazi propaganda?
What was the significance of the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games for Nazi propaganda?
How did the Nazis use the education system as a method of control?
How did the Nazis use the education system as a method of control?
What was the primary focus of the Hitler Youth movement for boys?
What was the primary focus of the Hitler Youth movement for boys?
What was the main emphasis of the League of German Maidens for girls?
What was the main emphasis of the League of German Maidens for girls?
How did the Nazis attempt to influence family life in Germany?
How did the Nazis attempt to influence family life in Germany?
What was the significance of the 'Honour Cross of the German Mother'?
What was the significance of the 'Honour Cross of the German Mother'?
Why did the Nazis' policies towards women become unclear by 1939?
Why did the Nazis' policies towards women become unclear by 1939?
How did the Nazi policy of Volksgemeinschaft affect the Christian churches in Germany?
How did the Nazi policy of Volksgemeinschaft affect the Christian churches in Germany?
Why did Hitler distrust the Christian churches?
Why did Hitler distrust the Christian churches?
What was the 'Reich Church' established by Hitler intended to do?
What was the 'Reich Church' established by Hitler intended to do?
Considering the use of propaganda and control, what was the most significant long-term impact of Nazi education policies on German youth?
Considering the use of propaganda and control, what was the most significant long-term impact of Nazi education policies on German youth?
How did Nazi policies toward women reflect broader ideological goals of the regime?
How did Nazi policies toward women reflect broader ideological goals of the regime?
What role did the Hitler Youth and League of German Maidens play in consolidating Nazi power?
What role did the Hitler Youth and League of German Maidens play in consolidating Nazi power?
How did the Nazis manipulate cultural events, such as the Olympic Games, to advance their propaganda goals?
How did the Nazis manipulate cultural events, such as the Olympic Games, to advance their propaganda goals?
What was the main reason for the strained relations between the Nazi government and the Catholic Church despite the initial Concordat?
What was the main reason for the strained relations between the Nazi government and the Catholic Church despite the initial Concordat?
How did the 'Strength Through Joy' (KDF) organisation contribute to maintaining workers' support for the Nazi regime?
How did the 'Strength Through Joy' (KDF) organisation contribute to maintaining workers' support for the Nazi regime?
Which factor most significantly contributed to the sharp decline in unemployment in Germany between 1933 and 1939 under the Nazi regime?
Which factor most significantly contributed to the sharp decline in unemployment in Germany between 1933 and 1939 under the Nazi regime?
How did the Nazi regime initially secure the support of wealthy industrialists and businessmen, despite some state interference in their industries?
How did the Nazi regime initially secure the support of wealthy industrialists and businessmen, despite some state interference in their industries?
In what way did the declaration of farms as hereditary estates contribute to the Nazi's support among farmers?
In what way did the declaration of farms as hereditary estates contribute to the Nazi's support among farmers?
What action taken by Hitler significantly swayed the German army to support him by the summer of 1934?
What action taken by Hitler significantly swayed the German army to support him by the summer of 1934?
How did the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 impact the status of Jews in Germany?
How did the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 impact the status of Jews in Germany?
Why was Hitler's anti-Semitic policy popular with many Germans despite the relatively small Jewish population?
Why was Hitler's anti-Semitic policy popular with many Germans despite the relatively small Jewish population?
How did Martin Niemöller and other dissenting pastors respond to the Nazi's attempts to control the church?
How did Martin Niemöller and other dissenting pastors respond to the Nazi's attempts to control the church?
What specific promise made by Hitler in the Concordat of 1933 was quickly broken, leading to disillusionment among Catholics?
What specific promise made by Hitler in the Concordat of 1933 was quickly broken, leading to disillusionment among Catholics?
How did the reintroduction of conscription in 1935 align with Hitler's broader plans for Germany?
How did the reintroduction of conscription in 1935 align with Hitler's broader plans for Germany?
What was the primary economic goal behind the Nazi's policy of 'autarky' concerning food production?
What was the primary economic goal behind the Nazi's policy of 'autarky' concerning food production?
Which statement best describes the broader significance of public works schemes, such as the construction of Autobahns, in Nazi Germany?
Which statement best describes the broader significance of public works schemes, such as the construction of Autobahns, in Nazi Germany?
How did Pope Pius XI's issuance of an Encyclical in 1937 reflect the relationship between the Catholic Church and the Nazi regime at that time?
How did Pope Pius XI's issuance of an Encyclical in 1937 reflect the relationship between the Catholic Church and the Nazi regime at that time?
What was the long term impact of the removal of Jews and anti-Nazis from their employment positions?
What was the long term impact of the removal of Jews and anti-Nazis from their employment positions?
What was the primary economic disadvantage for more efficient farmers under the Reich Entailed Farm Law?
What was the primary economic disadvantage for more efficient farmers under the Reich Entailed Farm Law?
How did the Reich Entailed Farm Law contribute to rural population shifts in Nazi Germany?
How did the Reich Entailed Farm Law contribute to rural population shifts in Nazi Germany?
How did government spending during rearmament affect some small businesses in Nazi Germany?
How did government spending during rearmament affect some small businesses in Nazi Germany?
Why were many middle-class businesspeople grateful to the Nazi regime?
Why were many middle-class businesspeople grateful to the Nazi regime?
Which of the following best describes the labor situation for big businesses under the Nazi regime?
Which of the following best describes the labor situation for big businesses under the Nazi regime?
How did the shift to a war economy negatively impact small businesses that sold consumer goods?
How did the shift to a war economy negatively impact small businesses that sold consumer goods?
What was the primary concern of senior military figures like General Ludwig Beck regarding Hitler's actions?
What was the primary concern of senior military figures like General Ludwig Beck regarding Hitler's actions?
What was the primary objective of the Allied bombing campaigns against Germany starting in 1942?
What was the primary objective of the Allied bombing campaigns against Germany starting in 1942?
What was the main objective of the 20 July Bomb Plot?
What was the main objective of the 20 July Bomb Plot?
How did Albert Speer's role impact Germany's war effort from 1942 onwards?
How did Albert Speer's role impact Germany's war effort from 1942 onwards?
How did the Catholic Church and Protestant pastors, like Niemoller, resist the Nazi regime?
How did the Catholic Church and Protestant pastors, like Niemoller, resist the Nazi regime?
Despite facing persecution, what methods did left-wing parties and trade unions employ to resist the Nazi regime?
Despite facing persecution, what methods did left-wing parties and trade unions employ to resist the Nazi regime?
What actions did German civilians take to indicate decreasing support for the Nazi regime towards the end of World War II?
What actions did German civilians take to indicate decreasing support for the Nazi regime towards the end of World War II?
What impact did the Allied bombing campaigns have on Polish people living in German-occupied territories?
What impact did the Allied bombing campaigns have on Polish people living in German-occupied territories?
What was Dr. Hjalmar Schacht's 'New Plan' primarily designed to address?
What was Dr. Hjalmar Schacht's 'New Plan' primarily designed to address?
What was the main objective of the Four Year Plan introduced in 1936?
What was the main objective of the Four Year Plan introduced in 1936?
How did the Nazi regime respond to the Edelweiss Pirates' activities?
How did the Nazi regime respond to the Edelweiss Pirates' activities?
What was one reason the decline in unemployment under the Nazis may have been misleading?
What was one reason the decline in unemployment under the Nazis may have been misleading?
What was a key characteristic of the Swing movement in Nazi Germany?
What was a key characteristic of the Swing movement in Nazi Germany?
Which of the following best describes the extent of organized resistance against the Nazis during World War II?
Which of the following best describes the extent of organized resistance against the Nazis during World War II?
What was the purpose of the 'Strength Through Joy' (Kraft durch Freude) program?
What was the purpose of the 'Strength Through Joy' (Kraft durch Freude) program?
How did the 'Beauty of Labour' movement attempt to influence working conditions in factories?
How did the 'Beauty of Labour' movement attempt to influence working conditions in factories?
How did the 'Hitler Myth' contribute to the lack of widespread opposition against the Nazi regime?
How did the 'Hitler Myth' contribute to the lack of widespread opposition against the Nazi regime?
How did some church leaders in Nazi Germany show resistance to Nazi policies?
How did some church leaders in Nazi Germany show resistance to Nazi policies?
What did workers lose in exchange for the better conditions and incentives provided by Nazi schemes?
What did workers lose in exchange for the better conditions and incentives provided by Nazi schemes?
What was the purpose of the Reich Food Estate introduced in 1933?
What was the purpose of the Reich Food Estate introduced in 1933?
What was the main objective of the Reich Entailed Farm Law?
What was the main objective of the Reich Entailed Farm Law?
What was the racial aspect of the Nazis' policy towards peasants, embodied in the idea of 'Blut und Boden'?
What was the racial aspect of the Nazis' policy towards peasants, embodied in the idea of 'Blut und Boden'?
What was a negative aspect of the Nazi economic policies, particularly regarding government debt?
What was a negative aspect of the Nazi economic policies, particularly regarding government debt?
What was a commonality between the Nazis' approach to workers and farmers?
What was a commonality between the Nazis' approach to workers and farmers?
How did the Nazi regime's policies of persecution inadvertently contribute to social mobility within German society?
How did the Nazi regime's policies of persecution inadvertently contribute to social mobility within German society?
What role did eugenics play in the Nazi persecution of minorities?
What role did eugenics play in the Nazi persecution of minorities?
In what way did the 'stab in the back' myth contribute to the persecution of Jewish people in Nazi Germany?
In what way did the 'stab in the back' myth contribute to the persecution of Jewish people in Nazi Germany?
How did Hitler's personal experiences contribute to the persecution of Jewish people during the Nazi regime?
How did Hitler's personal experiences contribute to the persecution of Jewish people during the Nazi regime?
What was the significance of the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 in the persecution of Jewish people?
What was the significance of the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 in the persecution of Jewish people?
How did the events of Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) in November 1938 escalate the persecution of Jewish people in Nazi Germany?
How did the events of Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) in November 1938 escalate the persecution of Jewish people in Nazi Germany?
What was the primary purpose of the 'T-4 euthanasia program' implemented by the Nazis in 1939?
What was the primary purpose of the 'T-4 euthanasia program' implemented by the Nazis in 1939?
How did the Edelweiss Pirates demonstrate their opposition to the Nazi regime?
How did the Edelweiss Pirates demonstrate their opposition to the Nazi regime?
What actions did the White Rose group take to resist the Nazi regime, and what motivated their actions?
What actions did the White Rose group take to resist the Nazi regime, and what motivated their actions?
In what ways did the Swing Youth express their opposition to the Nazi regime?
In what ways did the Swing Youth express their opposition to the Nazi regime?
Which of the following best represents the long-term impact of Nazi persecution on German society?
Which of the following best represents the long-term impact of Nazi persecution on German society?
How did Nazi ideology portray groups like gay people, mentally disabled people, and 'asocials' (alcoholics, prostitutes, beggars, etc.)?
How did Nazi ideology portray groups like gay people, mentally disabled people, and 'asocials' (alcoholics, prostitutes, beggars, etc.)?
How did the Nazis use biology lessons in German schools to promote anti-Semitism?
How did the Nazis use biology lessons in German schools to promote anti-Semitism?
How did the Nazis exploit historical anti-Semitism to further their own agenda?
How did the Nazis exploit historical anti-Semitism to further their own agenda?
What was the significance of Hitler's statement in the Reichstag in January 1939 regarding 'international Jewish financiers' and a potential world war?
What was the significance of Hitler's statement in the Reichstag in January 1939 regarding 'international Jewish financiers' and a potential world war?
Flashcards
Economic impact of WWI on Germany
Economic impact of WWI on Germany
Germany's national income was reduced to about â…“ of pre-war levels.
WWI food shortages in Germany
WWI food shortages in Germany
Many died from starvation and hypothermia due to food shortages during and after WWI.
Social divisions after WWI in Germany
Social divisions after WWI in Germany
Significant divide in living standards grew; workers were restricted while factory owners prospered.
Returning soldiers' impact after WWI
Returning soldiers' impact after WWI
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"Stab in the back" myth
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Kaiser's Abdication
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Armistice (1918)
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First Weimar Elections
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Ebert-Groener Pact
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Weimar Constitution
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Universal Suffrage (Weimar)
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President (Weimar)
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Coalitions
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KPD (German Communist Party)
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SPD (Social Democratic Party)
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Gustav Stresemann
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Dawes Plan (1924)
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Young Plan (1929)
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Locarno Treaties (1925)
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Weimar's 'Golden Age'
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Destroy Marxism
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Conquer Lebensraum
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Rearm Germany
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Destroy the Weimar Republic
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Freikorps' Role
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Treaty of Versailles Reparations
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Occupation of the Ruhr (1922)
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Hyperinflation (1923)
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Weakness of Weimar Republic
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Hitler's Appointment as Chancellor
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The Great Depression in Germany
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1933 Reichstag Election
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Powers Granted by the Enabling Act
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Joining the Nazi Party
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1936 Berlin Olympics
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Honour Cross of the German Mother
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Reich Entailed Farm Law
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WWII Stage 2 (1941-43)
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Albert Speer's Role
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Impact on Polish People
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July Bomb Plot 1944
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Study Notes
Germany by the End of the War, 1918
- Germany was in chaos and had clearly lost the war by the autumn of 1918.
- The war led to Germany's bankruptcy.
- National income decreased to about â…“ of pre-war levels.
- Industrial production fell to about â…” of pre-war levels.
- Food shortages occurred, with milk production at 50% and butter and meat at 60% of pre-war levels.
- Approximately 300,000 Germans died from starvation and hypothermia in 1918.
- High war pensions for 600,000 widows and 2 million children consumed â…“ of the national budget by 1925.
- Social divisions deepened due to the gap between the rich and poor.
- Workers' earnings were restricted, while factory owners became wealthier.
- 1.5 million disillusioned German soldiers returned to society.
- Anger over losing the war contributed to unrest.
- The stress of war resulted in a revolution in October/November 1918.
- The "stab in the back" myth emerged, with many believing military leader Hindenburg was betrayed by democratic leaders.
The Revolution of 1918-1919
- A final suicide attack was planned by the Kaiser's navy on the British Royal Navy.
- On November 3, 1918, German sailors mutinied at Kiel, sparking rebellions and the collapse of the German government.
- The Social Democrat Party issued an ultimatum to the Kaiser to abdicate.
- On November 9, 1918, the Kaiser abdicated.
- Ebert signed an armistice with the Allies to end World War I.
The Weimar Republic and its Constitution
- The first free elections occurred in January 1919, and the Social Democratic Party won.
- Ebert became the first president of the Weimar Republic.
- Ebert faced opposition from the right, including former advisors of the Kaiser who believed in the "stab in the back" myth.
- Additionally, Ebert dealt with opposition from the left, with many communists advocating for a revolution similar to Russia's in 1917.
- Ebert turned to the Army (Reichswehr) and the Freikorps for support.
- The Ebert-Groener pact, established in November 1918, entailed that the army and Freikorps would crush opposition, especially communists
- The constitution was drafted by January 1919, and signed into law by August 1919.
- The Weimar constitution theoretically gave Germany a nearly perfect democratic system.
Characteristics of the Weimar Constitution
- It established a federal republic with states having their own governments.
- A president served as head of state instead of a Kaiser.
- All adults over 20 had the right to vote (universal suffrage).
- All German citizens had equal rights, including freedom of religion, speech, and the right to own property.
- The Reichstag (German parliament) was elected every 4 years through proportional representation.
- The president was elected every 7 years, appointed the chancellor, and could dismiss them.
- The chancellor ran the government and needed the support of ½ the Reichstag to pass laws.
- Article 48 allowed the President emergency powers to pass laws without Reichstag approval - Ebert used it 136 times.
- Coalitions were often necessary due to proportional representation, leading to slow decision-making.
Political Parties in Germany, 1919-33
- The Communist Party (KPD) was a far-left, anti-Weimar party that advocated for a worker's revolution similar to the Soviet Union, gaining support after the 1923 economic crisis.
- The Social Democratic Party (SPD) was a moderate left-wing party that supported the Weimar Republic and democratic socialist policies to improve welfare, but always needed to form coalitions.
- The German Democratic Party (DDP) was a center-left liberal party that supported the Weimar Republic and advocated for equality and welfare, but declined in popularity.
- The German People's Party (DVP) was a center-right liberal party that supported the Weimar Republic and business-oriented policies, led by Gustav Stresemann.
- The Catholic Centre Party was a right-wing conservative party that supported the Weimar Republic and pro-business and Catholic policies, holding the third largest party position.
- The German National People's Party (DNVP) was a far-right conservative, nationalist, anti-Weimar party that aimed to restore the monarchy.
- The National Socialist Democratic Workers' Party (NSDAP/Nazi Party) was a far-right extreme nationalist, anti-Weimar party with racist and antisemitic policies.
Left Wing Opposition - The Spartacist Uprising
- The Spartacists were communists led by Karl Lielbknecht and Rosa Luxemburg that wanted a communist revolution.
- The Spartacist Uprising was an attempted revolution to overthrow Ebert's government in Berlin in January 1919.
- Spartacists captured the headquarters of the German Newspaper and Telegraph Bureau.
- Ebert sent members of the Freikorps to crush the revolt. The headquarters was captured after 5 days, and 5 days after that, the movement was crushed with 100 Spartacist and 13 Freikorps deaths.
- Luxemburg and Liebknecht were murdered by the Free Corps.
- The government's reliance on the Freikorps demonstrated its weakness.
- May 1919: rebellion in Bavaria leading to 600 communist deaths.
- 1920: Communist agitation in Ruhr with 2000 casualties.
Right Wing Opposition
- The Freikorps were unemployed ex-soldiers with extreme right-wing views.
- Wolfgang Kapp led the Freikorps.
- The Freikorps grew in power with the Treaty of Versailles army personnel limitations.
- Ebert indirectly empowered the Freikorps by utilizing them to suppress attempted revolutions.
- Ebert ordered the Freikorps to be limited to 100,000 men.
- March 1920: Kapp declared a new national government.
- Berlin industrial workers saved the Ebert government through a general strike that shut down the city - Kapp's Putsch collapsed within days.
- The new government's weakness and vulnerability were exposed.
- Walther Rathenau was murdered in 1922.
- Adolf Hitler led the Munich Putsch in November 1923.
Why Germans Hated the Treaty of Versailles
- Germans knew they would have to pay for war damage.
- They had hoped for a less harsh treaty due to Germany's new democratic government and Woodrow Wilson's "14 Points."
- Germans thought the treaty shouldn’t be harsh since they didn’t even start the war.
- The government signed the treaty on 9 November 1918, which was viewed as a "stab in the back" (Dolchstoss) by German politicians (November Criminals).
Economic Impacts of the Treaty of Versailles
- A blank cheque (6.6 billion pounds) was given to Germans when they signed the treaty.
- The French claimed Germany wasn't as badly damaged as France/Belgium and needed weakening.
- Mine and factory production fell with increased unemployment.
- Returning soldiers were unable to find jobs.
Occupation of the Ruhr
- In 1922, the German government failed to pay reparations which, in turn, led to 60,000 French/Belgian soldiers marching into Ruhr.
- Ruhr was the richest part of Germany.
- They took over coal mines, railways, and factories.
- The government ordered workers to resist, known as passive resistance.
- 132 were killed and 100,000 Germans were expelled because of the French response toward Germany's demonstration of passive resistance.
- The richest producing part of Germany no longer produced goods: all of the country suffered.
- The German government began printing large amounts of money to solve issues; this caused prices to rise.
- By November 1923, 1 British Pound was equal to 16,000,000,000 German marks, known as hyperinflation.
Hyperinflation
- People on fixed pensions and savings suffered as their money became worthless.
- Workers were paid twice a day.
- Those with debts and loans benefitted.
- The rich with land, possessions, and foreign currency were protected.
- Businessmen took over bankrupt companies.
- Normal business and trade were impossible, causing unemployment.
- People resorted to bartering.
Recovery
- August 1923: Gustav Stresemann formed a new government.
- Worthless paper money printing stopped in November.
- A new currency called Rentenmark was created.
- Passive resistance in Ruhr was called off.
- The German economy began to recover.
- French and Belgian troops left Ruhr by 1925.
- Many blamed the government for their suffering.
Weimar Recovery in the 1920s (Stresemann Era)
- The German economy began to recover from the end of 1923.
- The Rentenmark was introduced, and Ruhr industries restarted production.
- The Dawes Plan in 1924 involved loans from the USA, 800 million marks, which assisted w/ reparations payments and overall economy.
- Industrial production surpassed pre-World War I levels in 1928.
- The Young Plan in 1929 reduced reparations from 6 to 2 billion.
- Unemployment fell.
- The economy depended on American loans, which could be withdrawn anytime.
- The government was spending too much on welfare benefits.
- Some industries, e.g., agriculture, had still not recovered; farmers earned half of the average national wages.
- There were extremes of wealth and poverty.
Foreign Policy Under Stresemann
- Proving Germany was ready to cooperate with the international community was top priority.
- In 1925, Germany signed the Locarno treaties with Britain, France, and Italy to guaranteed Germany's frontiers with France.
- In 1926, Germany was permitted to join the League of Nations as a permanent member.
- All of this helped to strengthen ties with neighbouring countries.
Germany's Golden Age
- All Germans (men and women) had the right to vote at the age of 20.
- Each party got a number of seats in proportion to the % of votes they got.
- The President had similar powers to the President of the USA.
- Censorship was abolished enabling free speech, freedom of newspapers, and the freedom to set up trade unions.
- There was an increase in nightclubs, dance halls, cafes, and more opportunities for entertainers.
- Expressionism art was relevant.
- German cinema developed, women played glamorous roles.
- Vehicles and machines were welcomed using simplicity in designs.
- The Bauhaus style of design and architecture developed.
- Pensions and sickness benefits schemes were introduced.
Problems up to 1929
- Many traditional Germans disliked the new art movement due to destroying German tradition - seen by many as post war moral corruption.
- Extremist parties grew their support even though Stresemann appeared to be winning middle ground.
- Coalition governments couldn’t work together.
- Farmers saw earnings dwindle as production outstripped demand.
- The Dawes Plan led to Germany's demise in the long term (Great Depression).
Rise to Power: Why did so many people turn to the Nazis so quickly?
- In 1928 the Nazis had 12 representatives in the Reichstag but by 1932 they had 230 members.
- NAZI = National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
- The party aimed to make Germany strong by restoring unity, prestige as well as recovering all the power/land lost after WW1.
- Aimed to spread wealth more evenly across the classes.
- The party hoped to win the support of ordinary people- put out the 25 point program
- They aimed to create a 'Greater Germany', uniting all German-speaking peoples to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
- Denied Jews of German citizenship, public office, and newspaper publications, viewing them as inferior
- Nationalization of owned big and departmental stores for the working class alongside the confiscation of profits earned during the war and land.
- Aim to conquer Lebensraum, rearm Germany, and destroy the Weimar Republic
More About the Nazis
- Started as German Workers Party by Anton Drexler
- In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined
- Hitler gave nationalists scapegoats: the Allies, the Versailles Treaty, the 'November Criminals', the Communists, and the Jews.
- the SA (Storm Unit) was set up by Hitler in 1921 which consisted of his own private army for the purpose of guarding Nazi Party public speakers/ ralling.
Why did the Nazis Have Little Success Before 1930? - The Munich Putsch
- Hitler's aim was to force the Bavarian government to take armed action against communists and seize power in Berlin.
- He believed 1923 was the right time because of the French invasion of the Ruhr and inflation.
- November 8 1923: Hitler with support of Ludendorff and 600 SA troops barged into a meeting that the Bavarian Prime Minister was addressing, declaring that he was taking over the govt of Bavaria.
- On November 9, Hitler and 3000 Nazis marched into Munich to seize power but Nazi march was fired on by police.
- Hitler was captured and charged with high treason where afterwards, he was sent to 9 months prison
- While in prison, he wrote the famous book Mein Kampf and was convinced that he would win power not by force, but through legal means.
Why Was Hitler Able to Become Chancellor by 1933?
- Hitler transformed the Nazi party into a national political group by the end of 1929.
- Alfred Hugenberg helped guarantee it's spread by ensuring the partys news was spread across all 53 of his news sources.
- In 1932 Hitler campaigned for presidency.
- The 'problems' of the people were blamed on external targets.
- Hitler promised different things to different groups.
- Business owners were promised control over trade unions.
- Farmers (many in debt) would have stop communism and higher food prices.
- Workers would see jobs and address their now dramatic fall in incomes.
- Germans resented the Treaty of Versailles- Hitler would repeatedly talk about taking back what was theirs.
- Careful staging of events in public w floodlights, military music and marches by Nazi supporters in uniform.
- SA beat up communists, smashed their meetings, and made it difficult for them to campaign - SA restored order.
- Joseph Goebbels used films/radio to spread Nazi message - Brainwash people making them believe Germany could return to how it was.
- Reichstag Fire further added to hatred for communism.
- Weimar Republic was falling apart as Bruning cut welfare benefits and parties argued on solutions.
- 1932 elections and Hitler's persuasion of Hinderburg meant he became Chancellor (30 Jan 1933).
The Great Depression
- 1929: Wall Street Crash, Americans withdrew loans from Dawes Plan to given in 1924.
- Unemployment levels rose to 6 million.
- German people turned to extremist parties that promised to solve the problem, in particular, the Nazis.
How Did Hitler Consolidate His Power in 1933-34?
- February 1933: Reichstag building in Berlin was set on fire.
- Hitler blamed the fire on communists, starting a 'brown terror'.
- The emergency Law took away freedoms stated in the Weimar Republic.
- March 1933 Reichstag Elections: Nazis obtained 43% of votes.
- March 23 1933: Hitler put forward the Enabling Act: aimed to persuade the Reichstag to give up its powers and allow him to rule as a dictator.
- The Enabling Act said that Hitler would have the power to make laws for the next four years without having to ask the Reichstag for approval.
- Communist deputies banned from Reichstag, promising the Catholic Centre Party things he would do for them in the future; using votes of the Nationalists.
The Night of the Long Knives
- By 1934, the SA was too big - Hitler ordered the SS to attack Nazis and SA members.
- Over 400 were murdered.
Death of Hindenburg
- President von Hindenburg died at age 87.
- Hitler combined the jobs of Chancellor and President, giving himself commander of all armed forces as well with title 'Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor'.
Achieving Political Power - Nazi Seizure of Power
- A strong Germany with more military.
- A racially pure Germany.
- All classes in society must be united to make Germany a greater nation again and restore national pride.
- Volksgemeinschaft - Should see their contribution to Germany as more important than own fulfillment.
Case Study: Seizure of Power in Northeim
- SA officers refused to let opposition councilors speak during meeting - Opposition walked out in protest.
- Local concentration camp - ordinary civilians understood the violence applied.
- 4 sports clubs in Northeim converted into Nazi run sports club.
- SA men stationed outside to turn people away, discouraging purchases at Jewish stores
- Most put to work repairing roads.
- Torrents of propaganda including: book burnings, and leaders speech.
- To do anything/ be anything - You had to rush to join the party (membership went up to 1200 out of 10,000)
What Was it Like to Live in Nazi Germany?
- Nazism was to be more than just a political movement - it was a way of life following Volksgemeinschaft and Gleichschaltung.
- All classes were meant to unite as the communists would get eliminated.
- Entire state was to be organized with a focus on military power (to achieve greatness); violence if necessary
- Mankind would divided into aryans and non aryans, and all of germany living was controlled by the gestapo.
Government and Administration
- 7 April 1933: he put Nazi officials in charge of the local governments
- The civil service was purged.
- He closed down trade unions, replacing them with the German Labor Front.
- On 14 July, he made a Law against the formation of new parties.
Nazi Methods of Control - Gestapo, Police, SS and Concentration Camps
- Dictators need large police forces (police state) to protect them.
- Nazis wanted to intimidate, so opposition sought out.
- Nazi officials competed with each other to get Hitler's approval; Orgs used by the Nazis to terrorize the German ppl had a lot of overlap.
Gestapo
- Reynhard Heydrich was in command.
- They used informers and spies for any wrong doing.
- Bypassing the need for trials, they could put anyone they wanted into prison.
SS
- Grew into a huge Aryan organisation esp after virtually destroying the SA in 1934.
- Led by Himmler, they would crush opposition and carried out Nazi racial policies.
- SD, Death's Head Units and Waffen-SS were 3 key subdivisions.
- 200,000 ppl were sent to conc camps.
Police and the Courts
- Their job was to arrest ppl BEFORE they committed crimes.
- They turned over their lists to the Gestapo spies.
- Local authorities were to give top police to Nazi followers.
- All judge appointments ran through the Nazis.
Concentration Camps
- These were run by Death's Head Units of SS
- They housed ‘political’ prisoners .
- Used to create fear to reach most of the country.
- The aim was to 'correct' opponent of the regime.
Nazi Methods of Control - Propaganda
- Communications run by Josef Goebbels - Make Germans believe/loyal to Nazi ideas.
- By controlling what was printed and shared among radios helped spread simple message.
- Press, news were controlled, approved music only, Goebbels was king of posters.
- Goebbels convinced Hitler to make 1936 Olympic games propaganda opportunity (showcase Aryan Race).
Nazi Methods of Control - Education
- Education system twisted with Nazi Ideals.
- Teachers made to German teachers' league and made to put across Nazi ideas, many reporting those who didn't to Gestapo.
- Education System was mainly used to Indoctrinate.
Hitler Youth Movement
- This way of making young people believe what the Nazis wanted
- Older boys did more physical work getting them ready (Girls getting prepped for domestic/racial task).
- Military training, Nazi training and bravery tests.
Nazi Methods of Control - Family
- Women expected to take on the role of motherhood and home life.
- Increase birth rate was a goal to Hitler; propaganda showed white/blonde family (women= mother + soldier/worker).
- Incentives through newlyweds' loans (if Women stop working ) + mother award for children.
- Repressive through banning jobs and promoting Kinder, Krikey, Kauche.
Nazi Methods of Control - Churches
- Did not trust churches bc they had too big an influence - wanted to bring it more under control.
- Tried to get church leaders to join Reich Church with them incharge.
- This action angered many, leaving people making
- Many Prodestant pastures joined conc camps, other took oath to the fuhrer.
- Relations strained when govt broke conc by closing some youth catholic league/schools.
Why Were Hitler's Methods Successful?
- Hitler's arrival caused enthusiasm/ anticipation after weak weimar Republic.
- Provided what ppl had been asking work/ bread by eliminating unemployment:
- Provided more jobs to new people(women leaving jobs)
- public services to provide 1000 of job,
- Party member jobs,
- Rearmament and conscription.
- KdF showed workers were getting support, and the system started to improve (but not that great).
- Wealthy and army felt more protected due to actions such as nazi's eliminating military opponents - helping with fear
Hitler's Anti-Semitic (Anti-Jewish) Policy
- Lots of Germans were prepared to accept the propaganda about the Jews and weren't sorry to see thousands of them removed.
Social Mobility
- For every person fired / killed it created way for another
- Often totalitarian regimes can survive for so long: many ppl gaining opportunities they wouldn’t get in a meritocracy
- Ex: new teachers could be promoted to principal in space of a year b/c all others had been fired/arrested
Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany
- European history is full of anti-semitism:
- The idea of Eugenics- To remove all weak traits to help better build certain traits
- Jewish ppl were often the ones who would sell/ trade with ppl for a high price;
- It gave Hitler a reason to hate jews in general as he was homeless and later soldier .
Persecution of Minorities - Jewish People
- Jewish were often the first to be targeted, April 1933: Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses
- banned from teaching or being judges
- September 1935: Nuremberg Laws- Jewish people are not allowed to marry Aryans or be German citizens
- November 1938: Night of Broken Glass
- After Gestapo officer kills Jewish in Paris Nazis smashed 8000 shop windows and arrested and sent 30,000 to concentration camps
- January 1939: Hitler in a speech in the Reichstag
- The Final Solution decided on in 1942 this was the plan to wipe Jewish people off surface - 6 million people died during the Holocaust
Opposition to the Nazi Regime
- This includes the Youth
- Would go and get away from stifling control
- Army would worry Hitler since his actions seemed to provoke a war - The Czechoslovakia crisis was the last straw for these generals especially Army Chief of Staff General Ludwig Beck after he tried to assassinating with bomb
- Church would help Jewish by speaking out against hitkler.
- Left parties would met in secret and issue phamlets.
The Economy Under Hiltler
- Nazi's promised to solve the unemployment caused by the Great Depression in their election campaign in 1933 there nearly 6 million
One of main aims was also to achieve autarky (self sufficiency)= Dr. Hjalmar Schacht was put employed as the economics minister to tackle problems:
- Huge public works projects (rebuilding German cities, extending high ways and railways)
- BBy 1936 Hitler grew tired and made some hard policies to shift Germany’s economy toward rearmament. He introduced a Four Year Plan with Hermann Goering as the head. This was to make Germany ready for war with more weapons. Schacht opposed this but was removed from office in 1937.
- -German economy did grow and employment fell Industrial production doubled between 1933 and 1939, however it came at the cost of many -No Miracle
Nazis and Workers
- Needed to both control and appease industrial workers bc very important part
- Schemes like Strength Through Joy - cheap theater and cinema, as well as BBeauty of Labor in factories to help provide better living conditions
Nazis and Farmers
- Reich Food Estate Centralized land to peasant and farmers, and not allowing lenders to take the land as often or easily ,
Nazi and big Businesses/Middle Class
- No longer had to worry about trade unions or strikes
the Second World War
- Nazi support grew in the early years of the Second World War especially after successful invasion of France but the defeat at Stalingrad (1943) and increased bombing from the allies make life worse, eventually leading to the Final Solution - This has 3 stages in the impacts
impact WW2
- Impact was felt among; young as there was increase in opposition and swing liberal actions
- Women; they were put to work on Labor force's to help
- Polish people; were made to feel lower class after Germans took their property. Then laboured for german
- Jewish pl; Million were killed under the occupation of the nazis and einasqdrons
- This Increased the organized resistance for many due to what ww2 impact on Germany's people.
Terror
Nazi police state designed to scare German people into submission Hitler built myth
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