Week 6: Evidence-Based Practice in Healthcare

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a literature review?

To present original research findings

To gather materials from various disciplines

To publish the summary of a research project

To investigate and appraise existing work on a topic (correct)

Which type of literature review typically uses less systematic search methods?

Systematic review

Narrative review (correct)

Scoping review

Meta analysis

What is a defining characteristic of a systematic review?

Involves unstructured sampling of literature

Focuses only on peer-reviewed journal articles

Critically appraises relevant primary research (correct)

Combines results from different studies

Which of the following tasks is NOT associated with conducting a narrative literature review?

Establish inclusion and exclusion criteria Signup and view all the answers

What does a meta-analysis aim to identify?

Patterns by combining results from different studies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is typically NOT included in a narrative literature review?

Systematic reviews Signup and view all the answers

In terms of search methods, what is a scoping review primarily focused on?

Exploring the breadth of a research topic Signup and view all the answers

Choosing a broad research question for a literature review would be best exemplified by which of the following?

What are the economic impacts of obesity? Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using evidence-based practice in healthcare?

To justify clinical decisions with the best available evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for effective engagement in evidence-based practice?

Continuous reflection on practices and decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common barrier to implementing evidence-based practice in healthcare settings?

Overwhelming information from an abundance of research. Signup and view all the answers

How does resistance to change impact evidence-based practice?

It can create a culture of stagnation, hindering new practices. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evidence-based practice, what is best evidence?

Conscientious use of well-conducted and applicable research. Signup and view all the answers

What role does patient-centeredness play in evidence-based practice?

Patients are empowered to make informed decisions aligned with their values. Signup and view all the answers

Why is staying informed of the latest treatments important in evidence-based practice?

To provide the most effective care options based on current advancements. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy can help address conflicting evidence in healthcare research?

Evaluating the quality and applicability of the evidence critically. Signup and view all the answers

Which database is an example of an online public bibliographic database?

PubMed Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of breaking down research questions into concepts?

Identifying synonyms for each concept Signup and view all the answers

What does combining search results with 'AND' generally yield?

Narrower and more specific results Signup and view all the answers

What does the methodological screening criteria evaluate?

The quality of each study being considered Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered during practical screening for papers?

Statistical significance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of conducting a literature review using multiple sources?

It increases the breadth of information and perspectives Signup and view all the answers

Why is internal validity particularly important for certain types of studies?

It is crucial for studies aiming to evaluate causal relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of running searches for text keywords after searching for subject headings?

It can uncover additional relevant literature Signup and view all the answers

What does external validity measure in a research study?

The degree of generalizability of study results to other populations or circumstances Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research is primarily driven by solving real-world problems?

Applied research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a hypothesis?

An unproven claim or idea requiring validation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of qualitative inquiry?

Utilizes observational techniques and interviews Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

Study of patterns, causes, and effects of disease in populations Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variable is typically manipulated in an experiment?

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive statistics are used to:

Summarize and explain data characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What should a good research question do?

Be answerable by empirical data and observable evidence Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, what does the term 'grounded theory' refer to?

Development of theory derived from empirical data analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern related to conducting interviews in research?

Potential stress or trauma for participants Signup and view all the answers

What type of plot is used to show the spread and central tendency of data?

Box plot Signup and view all the answers

Sensitivity in medical testing refers to which of the following?

The proportion of true positives among those with the disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is NOT part of decision analysis in healthcare?

Estimate marketing costs Signup and view all the answers

A major drawback of motion in head CT imaging identified by radiology staff is that it affects what?

The clarity of the imaging Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of research design are identified in the content?

Quantitative and qualitative Signup and view all the answers

What issue do CT manufacturers seem to be aware of regarding head motion?

It affects not just imaging but also patient experience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step mentioned in preparing a research project?

Formulate a marketing strategy Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested benefit of multi-channel CT technology mentioned in the context of motion?

It could reduce the need for repeat scans Signup and view all the answers

What unique role do radiographers play in research related to CT scans?

Identifying needs and advocating for solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) over traditional Digital Mammography (DM)?

Improved visualization and discrimination of lesions Signup and view all the answers

In the context of scientific peer review, what is the purpose of eliminating errors?

To ensure clarity and correctness in research Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of research ethics regarding participant involvement?

Respecting and protecting participant rights Signup and view all the answers

What significant potential bias reduction method is used in clinical trials?

Blindness to the identity of treatments being compared Signup and view all the answers

What does the 3Rs principle in animal ethics stand for?

Replacement, Reduction, Refinement Signup and view all the answers

What document established key ethical principles for conducting human research?

The Nuremberg Code Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bibliometrics in research publishing?

To rank journals and analyze their influence Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) compared to Digital Mammography (DM)?

Involves a higher interpretation time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of research that requires ethics approval?

Historical data analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of informed consent in research ethics?

To provide participants with clear knowledge of the study's purpose and risks Signup and view all the answers

What common method do journal editors rely on during the review process?

Single blind referee process Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of qualitative research data?

It is derived from interviews and focus groups Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 6: Evidence-based Practice (EBP)

EBP is used to provide effective care.
Rationale for clinical decisions is justified using the best available evidence, ensuring transparency and trust with patients.
Staying informed on the latest treatments and advancements is essential for providers to deliver the most effective care.
Patient-centered approach: present evidence-based options, empowering patients to make informed decisions aligned with their values.
Adherence to professional standards and regulatory standards like MRPBA is vital to maintain licensure and institutional accreditation.
Continuous professional development is crucial for staying current and improving practice.

Advantages of EBP

For Patients: Less time wasted on inappropriate care, greater consistency of care, greater value for the money, easier to justify demands for more resources.
For Practitioners: Competence through updated knowledge, better decision-making using critical reasoning, more confidence in practitioners, better quality of care and patient satisfaction, reducing complaints and litigation and commitment to reduce HC costs.
For the Organization: Enhanced delivery of care, more confidence in practitioners, less complaints and litigation, commitment to reduce HC costs, easier allocation of limited resources.

Challenges of Up-to-Date vs Best Evidence

Many official guidelines require healthcare to be delivered in line with the most up-to-date standards.
However, up-to-date may not always be the best or most reliable evidence.
Best evidence involves using the most relevant, well-conducted, and applicable research.

Barriers to Implementing EBP in Practice

Resistance to change, particularly from senior staff who may prefer traditional methods.
Conflicting evidence from different studies leading to confusion and uncertainty.
An overload of information, making it difficult to keep up with the latest developments and potentially leading to the use of outdated practices

Week 7: Literature Review

A systematic, explicit, and reproducible method to identify, evaluate, and synthesize existing research.
Purposes of literature reviews:
- Investigate and appraise material on a specific topic.
- Serve as a framework for a research study or thesis.
- Raise questions and identify areas for further exploration.
Types of literature reviews (e.g., narrative, scoping, systematic).
Systematic Reviews: use systematic methods to identify, select, and critically appraise primary research, extracting and analyzing data from included studies.
Meta-analysis: a type of systematic review that contrasts and combines results from multiple different studies to identify patterns.

Week 8: Types of Research

Basic research: focused on understanding fundamental principles, potentially unrelated to real-world problems.
Applied research: aimed at solving practical problems.
Hypothesis: A statement or proposition that may not have supporting evidence but requires an argument.
Evidence: Crucial to research projects, used to support claims and arguments.
Research Question: Crucial element that needs to be clearly defined in order to direct the research, either by collecting observable evidence or empirical data.
Overall picture of a research project: Defining variables (independent, dependent, and influencing factors), conducting literature reviews, collecting data, testing ideas (qualitative or quantitative), and analyzing data.

Week 9: Hypotheses

Motion is a common problem in head CT imaging.
Motion compromises diagnosis and treatment.
Some scan types are more susceptible to motion artifacts.
Current remedies for motion artifacts are inadequate.
Repeat scans are often necessary but are not always possible.
Repeat scans result in increased radiation doses and discomfort.
CT manufacturers perceive motion as a problem in CT imaging.

Week 10: DBT and DM

DBT (Derivative Digital Mammographic Imaging Technology) creates volumetric 3D images using x-rays.
Advantages of DBT over DM (Digital Mammography):
- Less overlapping of breast tissue in each slice compared to DM.
- Better visualization of malignancy and discrimination between different tissue structures.
  - Potentially leading to improved cancer detection.

Week 11: Peer Review

Peer review is a process where experts in the field evaluate research before publication.
Purposes of peer review:
- To eliminate errors.
- To improve clarity and ensure validity of scientific claims and findings.
- To ensure the research is scientifically sound and suitable for the journal.
Types of peer review:
- Single-blind (referee knows author but author doesn't know referee).
- Double-blind (neither referee nor author know each other's identity).
- Open (both referee and author are aware of the identity of each other).

Week 12: Ethics in Research

Need for research protection of participants, researchers and animal research .
Quality assurance related to animal research.
Integrity of outcomes.
Conflicts of interest.
Ethics fundamental to conducting research, including clinical trials, epidemiological, health, and population.

Week 13: Data, Confidentiality, and Clinical Trials

Data Types in research : Pieces of information, focus groups, surveys, interviews, questionnaires, personal hx.
Confidentiality : How images are maintained and identified, risks to participants (e.g.,identifying individuals in research images, etc.)
Clinical Trials: Testing effects of interventions (drugs, devices, procedures) and collecting data on risks/benefits.
Types of clinical trials: drug trials, surgical procedures, preventive and diagnostic procedure use in research and testing.

Intellectual Property and Commercialization

Focus on academic honesty.

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Description

This quiz evaluates your understanding of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and its significance in delivering effective patient care. It covers the rationale behind clinical decisions, the importance of staying informed about advancements, and the patient-centered approach that empowers informed choices. Additionally, it highlights the advantages EBP brings to both patients and practitioners.