Questions and Answers
What is onychomycosis?
A fungal infection that causes thickened, dystrophic, and discolored nails.
What bacterium commonly causes furuncles?
Furuncles are usually harmless skin infections.
False
What condition is associated with highly pruritic eczematous plaques?
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Which of the following is not a feature of rosacea?
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What is the recommended first-line treatment for acne vulgaris?
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What defines a nevus?
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Which type of reaction occurs in allergic contact dermatitis?
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The diagnosis of chronic urticaria is made after _______ episodes per week for ______ weeks.
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What is the main organism responsible for tinea infections?
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Match the skin conditions with their characteristics:
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What is onychomycosis?
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What causes a furuncle?
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What is the typical presentation of shingles?
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What are common symptoms of atopic dermatitis?
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Which of the following can be a complication of varicella? (Select all that apply)
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Impetigo is caused exclusively by Staphylococcus aureus.
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What is the main clinical feature of acne vulgaris?
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The ABCDE criteria help to assess the risk for _____ cancer.
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Which type of dermatitis appears 24-48 hours after contact with allergens like poison ivy?
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What is the characteristic feature of rosacea?
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What causes the lesions in urticaria?
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Define a nevus.
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What is the typical management for seborrheic dermatitis?
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The main cause of folliculitis is infection of the hair ______.
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What is onychomycosis?
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Which bacterium primarily causes furuncles?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of atopic dermatitis?
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Match the type of dermatitis with its characteristic:
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Acne vulgaris can cause systemic symptoms in adolescents.
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The characteristic appearance of a nevus is a cluster of __________.
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Which of the following are common treatments for rosacea?
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What is the primary cause of folliculitis?
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What is a common feature of dysplastic nevi?
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IgE mediated reactions are involved in hives (urticaria).
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What skin condition is associated with wheeping vesicle appearance?
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What is the recommended management for scabies?
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What causes acne vulgaris?
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What is onychomycosis?
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What bacterium commonly causes furuncles?
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Shingles is a primary infection caused by varicella-zoster virus.
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What management strategies are recommended for atopic dermatitis?
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What skin condition is associated with greasy yellow scales and can be found in the nasolabial area?
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Acne vulgaris is only seen in adults.
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What is the typical appearance of a dysplastic nevus?
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The most common organism causing impetigo is ___.
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Match the skin condition with its description:
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Urticaria is mediated by IgM antibodies.
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Which type of immune reaction is associated with allergic contact dermatitis?
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Study Notes
Sequela of Varicella
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
- Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
- Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
- Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
- Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
- Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
- Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.
Onychomycosis
- Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
- Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
- Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.
Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess
- Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
- Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.
Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis
- Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
- Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
- Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
- Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
- Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.
Common Skin Disorders
- Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
- Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
- Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
- Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
- Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
- Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.
Urticaria (Hives)
- IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
- Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.
Tinea Infections
- Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
- Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
- Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.
Nevus Terminology
- Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
- Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
-
Histological Types:
- Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
- Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
- Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.
Clinical Significance of Nevi
- ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
- Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
- Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.
Sequela of Varicella
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
- Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
- Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
- Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
- Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
- Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
- Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.
Onychomycosis
- Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
- Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
- Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.
Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess
- Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
- Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.
Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis
- Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
- Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
- Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
- Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
- Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.
Common Skin Disorders
- Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
- Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
- Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
- Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
- Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
- Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.
Urticaria (Hives)
- IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
- Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.
Tinea Infections
- Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
- Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
- Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.
Nevus Terminology
- Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
- Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
-
Histological Types:
- Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
- Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
- Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.
Clinical Significance of Nevi
- ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
- Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
- Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.
Sequela of Varicella
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
- Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
- Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
- Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
- Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
- Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
- Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.
Onychomycosis
- Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
- Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
- Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.
Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess
- Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
- Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.
Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis
- Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
- Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
- Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
- Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
- Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.
Common Skin Disorders
- Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
- Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
- Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
- Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
- Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
- Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.
Urticaria (Hives)
- IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
- Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.
Tinea Infections
- Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
- Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
- Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.
Nevus Terminology
- Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
- Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
-
Histological Types:
- Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
- Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
- Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.
Clinical Significance of Nevi
- ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
- Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
- Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.
Sequela of Varicella
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
- Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
- Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
- Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
- Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
- Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
- Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.
Onychomycosis
- Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
- Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
- Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.
Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess
- Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
- Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
- Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.
Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis
- Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
- Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
- Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
- Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
- Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.
Common Skin Disorders
- Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
- Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
- Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
- Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
- Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
- Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.
Urticaria (Hives)
- IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
- Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.
Tinea Infections
- Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
- Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
- Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.
Nevus Terminology
- Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
- Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
-
Histological Types:
- Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
- Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
- Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.
Clinical Significance of Nevi
- ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
- Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
- Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.
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