Week 13 Dermatology:
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Questions and Answers

What is onychomycosis?

A fungal infection that causes thickened, dystrophic, and discolored nails.

What bacterium commonly causes furuncles?

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Escherichia coli
  • Staphylococcus aureus (correct)
  • Enterococcus

    • Furuncles are usually harmless skin infections.

    False

    What condition is associated with highly pruritic eczematous plaques?

    <p>Atopic dermatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a feature of rosacea?

    <p>Comedones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended first-line treatment for acne vulgaris?

    <p>Topical antiseptics like benzoyl peroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a nevus?

    <p>A cluster of melanocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction occurs in allergic contact dermatitis?

    <p>Type 4 immune reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diagnosis of chronic urticaria is made after _______ episodes per week for ______ weeks.

    <p>2-3, 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main organism responsible for tinea infections?

    <p>Dermatophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the skin conditions with their characteristics:

    <p>Acne Vulgaris = Nodules arising from follicles Rosacea = Central facial erythema and flushing Seborrheic Dermatitis = Greasy yellow scale Urticaria = Rapidly evolving edematous wheals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is onychomycosis?

    <p>Thickened, dystrophic, and discolored nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a furuncle?

    <p>Infection of a hair follicle by Staphylococcus aureus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of shingles?

    <p>A painful, vesicular rash that follows a dermatomal distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of atopic dermatitis?

    <p>Highly pruritic eczematous plaques and associated with asthma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a complication of varicella? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impetigo is caused exclusively by Staphylococcus aureus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical feature of acne vulgaris?

    <p>Nodules arise from hair follicles and can be inflammatory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ABCDE criteria help to assess the risk for _____ cancer.

    <p>melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dermatitis appears 24-48 hours after contact with allergens like poison ivy?

    <p>Allergic contact dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of rosacea?

    <p>Flushing and background erythema on the central face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the lesions in urticaria?

    <p>Food allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a nevus.

    <p>A cluster of melanocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical management for seborrheic dermatitis?

    <p>Use of topically applied creams or mild steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main cause of folliculitis is infection of the hair ______.

    <p>follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is onychomycosis?

    <p>A fungal infection that causes thickened, dystrophic, and discolored nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium primarily causes furuncles?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of atopic dermatitis?

    <p>Highly pruritic eczematous plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of dermatitis with its characteristic:

    <p>Atopic dermatitis = Associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis Seborrheic dermatitis = Greasy, yellow scales Allergic contact dermatitis = Type 4 immune reaction Urticaria = IgE mediated, rapid edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acne vulgaris can cause systemic symptoms in adolescents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The characteristic appearance of a nevus is a cluster of __________.

    <p>melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common treatments for rosacea?

    <p>Metronidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of folliculitis?

    <p>Bacterial infection, usually Staphylococcus aureus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of dysplastic nevi?

    <p>Asymmetry and irregular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IgE mediated reactions are involved in hives (urticaria).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition is associated with wheeping vesicle appearance?

    <p>Atopic dermatitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management for scabies?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes acne vulgaris?

    <p>An increase in sebum production, clogged pores, and bacterial infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is onychomycosis?

    <p>Condition that causes thickened, dystrophic, and discolored nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacterium commonly causes furuncles?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shingles is a primary infection caused by varicella-zoster virus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management strategies are recommended for atopic dermatitis?

    <p>Education, gentle bathing, generous emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines for itchiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition is associated with greasy yellow scales and can be found in the nasolabial area?

    <p>Seborrheic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acne vulgaris is only seen in adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of a dysplastic nevus?

    <p>Irregular shape, variegated pigmentation, and atypical cytology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common organism causing impetigo is ___.

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the skin condition with its description:

    <p>Furuncle = Painful, pus-filled bump on the skin Carbuncle = Cluster of boils forming a connected infection Abscess = Swollen lump filled with pus Onychomycosis = Thickened and discolored nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urticaria is mediated by IgM antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune reaction is associated with allergic contact dermatitis?

    <p>Type 4 immune reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sequela of Varicella

    • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
    • Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
    • Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
    • Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
    • Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
    • Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
    • Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.

    Onychomycosis

    • Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
    • Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
    • Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.

    Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess

    • Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
    • Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
    • Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.

    Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis

    • Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
    • Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
    • Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
    • Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
    • Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
    • Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.

    Common Skin Disorders

    • Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
    • Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
    • Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
    • Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.

    Allergic Contact Dermatitis

    • Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
    • Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.

    Urticaria (Hives)

    • IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
    • Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.

    Tinea Infections

    • Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
    • Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
    • Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.

    Nevus Terminology

    • Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
    • Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
    • Histological Types:
      • Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
      • Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
      • Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.

    Clinical Significance of Nevi

    • ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
    • Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
    • Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.

    Sequela of Varicella

    • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
    • Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
    • Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
    • Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
    • Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
    • Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
    • Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.

    Onychomycosis

    • Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
    • Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
    • Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.

    Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess

    • Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
    • Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
    • Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.

    Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis

    • Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
    • Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
    • Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
    • Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
    • Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
    • Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.

    Common Skin Disorders

    • Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
    • Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
    • Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
    • Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.

    Allergic Contact Dermatitis

    • Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
    • Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.

    Urticaria (Hives)

    • IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
    • Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.

    Tinea Infections

    • Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
    • Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
    • Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.

    Nevus Terminology

    • Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
    • Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
    • Histological Types:
      • Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
      • Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
      • Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.

    Clinical Significance of Nevi

    • ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
    • Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
    • Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.

    Sequela of Varicella

    • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
    • Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
    • Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
    • Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
    • Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
    • Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
    • Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.

    Onychomycosis

    • Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
    • Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
    • Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.

    Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess

    • Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
    • Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
    • Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.

    Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis

    • Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
    • Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
    • Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
    • Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
    • Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
    • Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.

    Common Skin Disorders

    • Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
    • Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
    • Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
    • Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.

    Allergic Contact Dermatitis

    • Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
    • Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.

    Urticaria (Hives)

    • IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
    • Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.

    Tinea Infections

    • Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
    • Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
    • Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.

    Nevus Terminology

    • Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
    • Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
    • Histological Types:
      • Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
      • Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
      • Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.

    Clinical Significance of Nevi

    • ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
    • Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
    • Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.

    Sequela of Varicella

    • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus.
    • Highly contagious; transmitted via aerosolized droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
    • Primary infection (chickenpox) mostly occurs in children; presents as a pruritic vesicular rash and prodromal symptoms.
    • Reactivation of VZV leads to shingles (herpes zoster), more common in adults.
    • Diagnosis primarily clinical; supportive management, with antiviral therapy for select patients.
    • Complications include secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, and pneumonia.
    • Varicella-zoster vaccine recommended in early childhood for prevention.

    Onychomycosis

    • Causes thickened, dystrophic, discolored nails; diagnosed through KOH preparation or nail biopsy.
    • Management involves confirming the diagnosis before starting therapy.
    • Topical treatments effective for fingernails; oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole) for persistent cases, especially in diabetics.

    Furuncle, Carbuncle, and Abscess

    • Furuncle (boil): painful, pus-filled bump from bacterial infection of hair follicle, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
    • Carbuncle: a cluster of furuncles; results from infection of multiple hair follicles, marked by inflammation and pus formation.
    • Abscess: swollen lump filled with pus, can develop anywhere due to bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli, staphylococcus); characterized by inflammation and necrotic debris.

    Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis

    • Commonly triggered by allergens; associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
    • Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction; inflammation mediated by helper T cells.
    • Family history, elevated IgE, and early microbial exposure can influence risk.
    • Typical in childhood, presents as intensely pruritic eczematous plaques, shifting locations with age.
    • Associated with other skin conditions like ichthyosis and keratosis pilaris.
    • Management includes education, gentle bathing, emollients, topical steroids, and antihistamines.

    Common Skin Disorders

    • Acne Vulgaris: Nodules form from follicles; inflammatory, often in adolescents; management includes benzoyl peroxide, oral antibiotics, and retinoids.
    • Rosacea: Characterized by facial flushing, erythema, and telangiectasia; triggered by stress, alcohol, and sunlight; treated with metronidazole, azelaic acid, and laser therapy.
    • Scabies: Mite infestation causing itching, diagnosed by scraping burrows; treated with topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
    • Impetigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes; presents as lesions on intact skin or pre-existing skin conditions.

    Allergic Contact Dermatitis

    • Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction; symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure to allergens like poison ivy, nickel, or hair dye.
    • Presents with well-demarcated, erythematous, weeping plaques; treated with topical/systemic steroids.

    Urticaria (Hives)

    • IgE-mediated condition; triggers include food, medications, stress, and environmental factors.
    • Symptoms include rapid edema formation, erythematous wheals which can dissipate within 24 hours; typically managed with antihistamines.

    Tinea Infections

    • Fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum) utilizing keratin.
    • Common types include tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), and tinea pedis (foot); characterized by intensely itchy, well-demarcated lesions.
    • Treat with topical antifungals; oral medications for refractory cases.

    Nevus Terminology

    • Nevus: Cluster of melanocytes; can be epidermal (pigmented) or dermal (non-pigmented).
    • Dysplastic Nevus: Irregularly shaped, variegated pigmentation; considered preneoplastic, requiring monitoring for melanoma progression.
    • Histological Types:
      • Junctional nevus: Hyperpigmented macular lesion.
      • Compound nevus: Papular lesion with melanocytes in both epidermis and dermis.
      • Intradermal nevus: Minimally pigmented, confined to the dermis.

    Clinical Significance of Nevi

    • ABCDE Criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variability, Diameter >6 mm, Evolution in characteristics are warning signs for melanoma.
    • Differential diagnosis includes melanoma, seborrheic keratosis, and cherry hemangioma.
    • Benign nevi typically symmetrical, uniform, and less than 6 mm in diameter.

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